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BMS3052_ > 33. Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Introduction > Flashcards

33. Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Critical period

A

a maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli

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2
Q

Define

Neurodevelopmental disorder

A

impairments of the growth and development of the brain and/or central nervous system

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3
Q

Define

Cerebral cortex

A

Responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness and voluntary movement

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4
Q

Define

Amygdala

A

Part of the limbic system involved in emotion and aggression

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5
Q

Define

Cerebellum

A

Structure that coordinates fine muscle movement and balance

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6
Q

Define

Hypothalamus

A

Responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control

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7
Q

Define

Hippocampus

A

Part of the limbic system involeved in learning and memory

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8
Q

Define

Medulla

A

Responsible for regulating largely unconsicious functions such as breathing and circulation

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9
Q

Define

Neocortex

A

the large 6-layered dorsal region of the cerebral cortex that is unique to mammals

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10
Q

Define

Gastrula

A

an early metazoan embryo in which the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established either by invagination of the blastula (as in fish and amphibians) to form a multilayered cellular cup with a blastopore opening into the archenteron or by differentiation of the blastodisc (as in reptiles, birds, and mammals) and inward cellular migration

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11
Q

Define

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

endoderm

A

the outermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo that is the source of various tissues and structures (such as the epidermis, the nervous system, and the eyes and ears)

  • mesoderm- musculoskeletal, vascular and lymphatic systems, kidney and gonads*
  • endoderm – gastrointestinal tract, glands, lung, liver, pancreas*
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12
Q

Define

Neural tube

A

the hollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed by infolding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord

At the end of week 3 of gestation, the notochord induces the formation of neural plate from the ectoderm, which then folds and fuse to form the neural tube.

By end of week 4, the neural tube separates from the ectoderm .

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13
Q

Define

Notochord

A

Rod-like structure in the middles of the embryo that secretes factors that provide position and fate information

Forms from mesoderm cells soon after gastrulation is complete

At the end of week 3 of gestation, the notochord induces the formation of neural plate from the ectoderm, which then folds and fuse to form the neural tube.

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14
Q

Define

Circuit formation

A

Growth of axons and dendrites followed by synapse formation (synaptogenesis)

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15
Q

Define

Radial glial cell

A

bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Define

Ventricular zone

A

a transient embryonic layer of tissue containing neural stem cells, principally radial glial cells, of the central nervous system (CNS)

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17
Q

Define

Tangenital migration

A

the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex

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18
Q

Define

Ganglionic eminence

A

a transitory structure in the development of the nervous system that guides cell and axon migration. It is present in the embryonic and fetal stages of neural development found between the thalamus and caudate nucleus

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19
Q

Define

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

any of a group of developmental disorders marked by impairments in the ability to communicate and interact socially and by the presence of repetitive behaviors or restricted interests

20
Q

Define

Schizophrenia

A

a mental illness that is characterized by disturbances in thought (such as delusions), perception (such as hallucinations), and behavior (such as disorganized speech or catatonic behavior), by a loss of emotional responsiveness and extreme apathy, and by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life

21
Q

Define

GABA

A

an amino acid C4H9NO2 that is a neurotransmitter which induces inhibition of postsynaptic neurons

22
Q

Definition

bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex

A

Radial glial cell

23
Q

Definition

a transient embryonic layer of tissue containing neural stem cells, principally radial glial cells, of the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Ventricular zone

24
Q

Definition

the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex

A

Tangenital migration

25
Q

Definition

any of a group of developmental disorders marked by impairments in the ability to communicate and interact socially and by the presence of repetitive behaviors or restricted interests

A

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

26
Q

Definition

a mental illness that is characterized by disturbances in thought (such as delusions), perception (such as hallucinations), and behavior (such as disorganized speech or catatonic behavior), by a loss of emotional responsiveness and extreme apathy, and by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life

A

Schizophrenia

27
Q

Definition

an amino acid C4H9NO2 that is a neurotransmitter which induces inhibition of postsynaptic neurons

A

GABA

28
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

29
Q

Which germ layer does the nervous system originate from?

A

Ectoderm

30
Q

At the end of week 3 of gestation, the ________induces the formation of _________ from the ectoderm, which then folds and fuse to form the neural tube.

A

At the end of week 3 of gestation, the notochord induces the formation of neural plate from the ectoderm, which then folds and fuse to form the neural tube.

31
Q

What does the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain differentiate into?

A

Forebrain:

  • Telecephalon (Cerebrum)
  • Diencephalon (Hypothalamus)

Midbrain:

  • Mesencephalon (Brainstem)

Hindbrain:

  • Melencephalon (Pons and cerebellum)
  • Myelencephalon (Medulla)
32
Q

How do excitatory neuron migrate?

A

Excitatory neurons attach to radial glial cells allowing them to migrate from the ventricular zone to the surface of the brain

33
Q

Where are excitatory neurons “born”?

A

Ventricular zone

34
Q

Where are inhibitory neurons “born”?

A

Ganglionic eminence

35
Q

How do inhibitory neurons migrate?

A

There are no radial glial cells to attach to so they “swim” from the ganglionic eminence towards the surface of the brain based on guidance cues

36
Q

Which neurons are primarily found in layers 2 and 3?

A

Inhibitory neurons

37
Q

During what stage does the vast majority of the congenital abnormalities occur?

A

Embryonic stage of prenatl development

38
Q

What are the two stages of prenatal development?

A

Embryonic

Fetal

39
Q

What is the characteristics of the brain at birth?

A

Gross anatomy of CNS resembles adult

Repertoire of neurons of neocortex are largely established

40
Q

What happens to the brain during infancy?

A

Massive outgrowth of dendrites and axons

Synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, myelination

Neurogenesis in cerebellum still occurring,

41
Q

What structural changes occur in the adolescent brain?

A

Reduction in grey matter of neocortex – pruning of synapses

Increases in white matter – increased myelination and connectivity

Axonal sprouting and growth in circuits in the amygdala and cortex

42
Q

What behaviour changes occur due to the structural changes of the adolescent brain?

A

Increased social behaviour

Novelty and sensation seeking

Tendencies towards risk taking

Emotional instability

Impulsivity

Dominance of peer relationships

43
Q

What are the three main critical periods and when do they occur?

A

Senses (infancy)

Language (late infancy/early childhood)

Higher cognition (childhood)

44
Q

What causes neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

deficits in neurogenesis, progenitor cell proliferation, migration, synapse formation and myelination during embryogenesis

45
Q

What is the role of GABA in neuronal development?

A
  • During embryonic and early postnatal development, GABA is excitatory
  • GABA is crucial for generating synchronised patterns of activity of developing networks
  • GABA switches from excitatory to inhibitory at birth potentially to protect neurons from hypoxia
46
Q

What is the excitatory/inhibitory theory for neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

Alterations in the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory cortical activity contribute to NDD

47
Q

Development of brain strcuctures

A

BMS3052_ (12 decks)

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