3.3 examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control

Question 1

recidivism

approximately how many people are in prison?

Answer 1

87-88 thousand

Question 2

recidivism

the prison population has ……. since 1900

Answer 2

quadrupled

Question 3

recidivism

what is the recidivism rate for offenders (march 2023)?

Answer 3

26.5%

Question 4

recidivism

how does the dark figure of crime limit the ability of agencies to achieve social control?

Answer 4

• agencies such as the police may not be able to use their resources on the most prevalent crimes as statistics may be incorrect
• crimes that are unrepported go unprosecuted so individuals will get away with their crime/s

Question 5

recidivism

how would marxists explain recidivism rates?

Answer 5

• marxist would suggest that recidisim rates are caused by capitalism as the lower classes are exploited by the capitalist sytem and turn to crime to survival

Question 6

recidivism

what do reoffending rates indivate about the failure of right realist theory in explaining crime?

Answer 6

• the fact that so many prisoners reoffend after being sent to prison suggests that crime is not a rational choice as they know the consequences for their actions but still reoffend

Question 7

civil liberties and human rights

give an example of a country where agencies like the police have very few restrictions on their power

Answer 7

china

Question 8

civil liberties and human rights

what basic rights and liberties are individuals garunteed?

Answer 8

• freedom from arbitary arrest
• freedom of speech
• right to privacy
• right to remain silent
• freedom of religion
• freedom of assembly
• freedom to detention without trial

Question 9

civil liberties and human rights

how do basic rights and liberties limit the agencies of social control?

Answer 9

• puts limits and restrictions on what some of the agencies can do such as the police
• many of the right/liberties are designed to protect the rights of suspects - this acts as a barrier to the state in exercising control over its citizens without good cause

Question 10

civil liberties and human rights

which model of crime control protects civil liberties and human rights?

Answer 10

the due process model

Question 11

civil liberties and human rights

what happened to Abu Qatada?

Answer 11

• the UK government tried to deport him to his home country of Jordan in 2012 after he was granted asylum in the UK in 1994

Question 12

civil liberties and human rights

why couldnt Abu Qatada but deported to Jordan according to his human rights?

Answer 12

• he claimed he would be tortured if he was returned to Jordan
• as the human rights act protects individuals from torture, the UK government couldnt deport him

Question 13

access to resources and support

What is needed inside and outside the prison to rehabilitate offenders?

Answer 13

resources and support are needed inside prison and in the wider community

Question 14

access to resources and support

what sort of support is needed in prison?

Answer 14

• rehabilitation programmes
• work opportunities
• contact with family
• counselling and therapy

Question 15

access to resources and support

what resources are needed outside of prison?

Answer 15

• a form of income for those with no job/qualifications
• temporary housing
• mental health and sustance abuse support

Question 16

access to resources and support

what % of ex-prisoners remain unemployed for 6 months after they leave prison?

Answer 16

70%

Question 17

access to resources and support

what do prisons need to do to ensure ex-prisoners can get employment when they leave prison?

Answer 17

prisons need to give inmates support, training and experience to set them up with the skills to get a job

Question 18

access to resources and support

what does nacro suggest that work in prison should do/be like?

Answer 18

• work in prison should reflect a real working day

Question 19

access to resources and support

how do access to resources and support act as a limitation on the prison service in achieving social control?

Answer 19

• prisons are overcrowded and underfunded
• the prison system lacks the funding to enable all prisoners to work and get a realistic wage
• the limits on prison resources means that prisoners are not leaving prison with the skills they need to get a job

Question 20

access to resources and support

what are the problems with the rehabilitation services in the prison?

Answer 20

• prisons do not have the staff and funding for effective rehabilitation
• 53% of prisoners are in their cell for more than 22 hours a day
• only 35% of prisoners with mental health issues recieve hope

Question 21

access to resources and support

how does a lack of resources limit the prison service in achieving social control?

Answer 21

• prisons cannot reach their aims of punishment such as rehabilitation and public protection with a lack of resources
• prisons cannot run the rehabilitation programmes

Question 22

access to resources and support

what are the barriers to rehabilitation in prison?
- 4 barriers

Answer 22

1. short sentences
2. cuts in staffing
3. reduction of release on temporary licence
4. Lack of funding

Question 23

access to resources and support

why are short sentences a barrier to rehabilitation in prison?

Answer 23

• short sentences mean prisoners do not have enough time to be rehabilitated

Question 24

access to resources and support

why do cuts in staffing a barrier to rehabilitation in prison?

Answer 24

• rehabilitation programmes cannot be run and prisoners will not be managed properly if there are not enough staff

Question 25

# access to resources and support why is a reduction of release on temporary licence a barrier to rehabilitation in prison?

Answer 25

- temporary licence can be beneficial for prisoners and the wider community but this cannot happen if the use of release on temporary licence is reduced

Question 26

# access to resources and support how much money do prisoners get as a discharge grant?

Answer 26

£76

Question 27

# access to resources and support what % of prisoners have a job within six weeks of their release?

Answer 27

19%

Question 28

# access to resources and support how many people leave prison into homelessness every month?

Answer 28

around 600 people

Question 29

# access to resources and support what are the limits to resources and support in community sentences?

Answer 29

1. inadequate support for complex needs eg drug addiction 2. poor supervision by the probation service

Question 30

# finance without adequate funding, agencies within the criminal justice are unable to....

Answer 30

achieve social control

Question 31

# finance where do agencies budgets come from?

Answer 31

public funds, mainly taxes

Question 32

# finance what was the impact of when police budgets were cut?

Answer 32

- 600 police stations were closed - the number of police officers decreased by 20,000

Question 33

# finance what impact does finance have on the ability of the police to achieve social control?

Answer 33

- lack of funding means police may have to cut police numbers so the police will be less effective as an agent of social control - hiring new police officers will mean less experience - police may not be able to use techniques such as DNA analysis which means crimes may not be convicted

Question 34

# finance how has finance limited prisons in achieving social control?

Answer 34

- the prison service may not be able to perform services that are essential for rehabilitation such as drug programmes - cuts in staff may mean that prisoners may not be managed effectively - less work and training opportunities for prisoners - many prisons are in a poor state but cannot be repaired due to costs

Question 35

# finance what % did the CPS funding fall by from 2008 to 2018?

Answer 35

34%

Question 36

# finance what have been the impacts of the cuts to CPS funding?

Answer 36

- increasing backlog of cases - cuts in staffing and resources has led to delays in bringing charges - CPS has been accused of cherry picking cases to prosecute

Question 37

# finance what has been the impact of cuts in funding for the probation service?

Answer 37

- offenders may noot be properly managed - lack of staff - staff not offering quality service due to exessive caseloads

Question 38

# local and national policies what can local policies do?

Answer 38

- local police forces can prioritise certain crimes over others depending on the scale of the problem in that area

Question 39

# local and national policies what can be the impact of police forces prioritising certain crimes over other?

Answer 39

- some crimes may not be investigated

Question 40

# local and national policies what do national policies need to be balanced against?

Answer 40

- local needs

Question 41

# local and national policies what does a section 60 order allow the police to do?

Answer 41

- allows the police to stop and such individuals without having reasonable suspicion

Question 42

# local and national policies where does a section 60 order usually cover and for how long?

Answer 42

- it usually covers a specific area such as a neighbourhood for 24 hours

Question 43

# local and national policies why is a section 60 order usually used?

Answer 43

- a section 60 order is generally ised if the police suspect something is hidden in a specific area but dont know who to search

Question 44

# local and national policies what restrictions were put on section 60 in 2014?

Answer 44

1. Rasing the level of authorisation of a section 60 to that of a senior officer 2. the authorising officer must reasonably believe that serious violence WILL take place rather than may take place 3. Limiting the maximum duration of initial authorisation to 15 hours 4. the community should be notified of the section 60

Question 45

# local and national policies how were the 2014 restrictions on section 60 changed in 2022?

Answer 45

1. section 60 can take place if there is a belief that violence may take place not will 2. minimum rank of an officer that is able to give a section 60 is restored to that of an inspector 3. The maximum period an initial section 60 is up to 24 hours 4. rank of officer required to extend a section 60 is reduced from a senior officer to superintendent 5. Section 60 no longer needed to be publicly communicated

Question 46

# local and national policies what do the restrictions which were on section 60 tell us about the impact of national policies on the work of agencies?

Answer 46

1. National policies can severely restrict what agencies are able to do, which can impact their ability to gain social control 2. the police can have restrictions placed onto them by other agencies 3. restrictions placed on the police can be detrimental to the police and may stop the police from being able to do their job effecively

Question 47

# local and national policies what is weapons amnesties?

Answer 47

- a weapon surrendering scheme where individuals can drop off their weapons in a bin

Question 48

# local and national policies what are the problems with weapon amnesties in achieving social control?

Answer 48

1. an individual may surrender a weapon, but without adressing the reasons they are carrying the weapon, it may be ineffective 2. individuals are not required to give up their weapons to these schemes 3. individuals may give up a weapon, but may purchase more or have other weapons

Question 49

# local and national policies what did evaluations of weapon amnesties show?

Answer 49

- there were intitial declines in the number of offences, but this was not sustained

Question 50

# Crimes committed by those with moral imperatives what is moral imperative?

Answer 50

- an overwhelming sense of what is right

Question 51

# Crimes committed by those with moral imperatives what is the Clive Ponting case?

Answer 51

- Ponting told a labour MP about a ship sinking when it was outside of the maritime exclusion zone - this broke the official secrets act

Question 52

# Crimes committed by those with moral imperatives why did the jury find ponting not guilty?

Answer 52

- the jury found that ponting had morally done the right thing as he released the information in public interest - he was aquitted of his crime

Question 53

# Crimes committed by those with moral imperatives what happened in the Kay Gilderdale case?

Answer 53

- Kay Gilderdale gave her severly ill daughter morphine to help her with assisted suicide

Question 54

# Crimes committed by those with moral imperatives what was the outcome of the Kay Gilderdale case?

Answer 54

- she was acquitted of murder as the jury felt sypmpathy for her case

Question 55

# Crimes committed by those with moral imperatives what charge was Kay Gilderdale given?

Answer 55

- she was given a 12 month conditional charge

Question 56

# Crimes committed by those with moral imperatives what do Crimes committed by those with moral imperatives demonstrate about the limitations on the courts in achieving social control?

Answer 56

- demonstrates that the threat of punishment is not enough if the individual committing the crime believes it is morally right

Question 57

# Crimes committed by those with moral imperatives what would Durkheim say about Crimes committed by those with moral imperatives and the function it serves?

Answer 57

- it highlights what is wrong with society so social change can be bought about