3.2 describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control

Question 1

environmental design

how do some criminologists argue that environmental design can affect the level of crime?

two ways

Answer 1

1. by influencing potential offenders
2. by affecting people’s ability to exercise control over their surroundings

Question 2

environmental design

what is defensible space theory?

Answer 2

argues that crime is more likely to occur in indefensible spaces than in clearly owned defensible spaces as individuals feel a sense of ownership over defensible spaces

Question 3

environmental design

what are indefensible spaces?

Answer 3

‘confused’ areas of public spaces such as walkways and stairwells that belong to nobody

Question 4

environmental design

why are defensible spaces areas of low crime?

Answer 4

there are clear boundaries about who should be there

Question 5

environmental design

why does newman say that good design can prevent crime?

Answer 5

individuals feel a sense of ownership and responsibility for the area around them, they will feel the need to defend it - therefore, more areas will be under control so criminals will have less area to operate in

Question 6

environmental design

what does the effectiveness of defensible space depend on?

Answer 6

the willingless and ability of the people in control of the area/living in the area to self police it

Question 7

environmental design

what four factors create defensible space?

Answer 7

1. territoriality - the motion that a mans home is his castle
2. natuaral surveillance - the ability of residents to be able to see what is going on in their neighbourhood
3. image - the physical attributes of a development that make it defendable
4. milieu (surroundings) - making the most of the development location to places that will help prevent crime

Question 8

environmental design

what is CPTED?

Answer 8

crime prevention through environmental design

Question 9

environmental design

what does the police force’s SBD (secure by design) initiative aim to do?

Answer 9

aims to embed crime prevention into the planning process

Question 10

environmental design

home office research claims that the burglary rates are how much lower in secure by design houses?

Answer 10

30% lower

Question 11

environmental design

what did coleman find when analysing 4000 blocks of flats in two london boroughs?

Answer 11

coleman found that poor design produced higher rates of crime and antisocial behaviour

Question 12

environmental design

what did coleman reccommend for the flats?

Answer 12

things such as giving flats their own garden and removing the overhead walkways

Question 13

environmental design

what is Larner road estate?

Answer 13

an eight tower block estate built in 1970s

Question 14

environmental design

what did they do in the larner road redevelopment?

Answer 14

they implemented SBD tactics such as robust doors, windows and locks that meet SBD standards

Question 15

environmental design

how do gated lanes prevent crime?

Answer 15

• prevent offenders from gaining acess to alleyways
• create a defensible space
• they are mainly used to deter burgalars but can also prevent other crimes like fly tipping
• they can also create a safe space for children to play

Question 16

environmental design

what are some of the problems with CPTED?

Answer 16

1. may draw attention to certain areas
2. may require that those indivuals living there to maintain it
3. may only displace crime rather than prevent it

Question 17

environmental design

how does CPTED link to right realist theories of criminality?

Answer 17

• the idea of hardening a target by manipulating the physical environment
• links to rational choice as individuals will see the increased risk and effort so may make the rational decision to not commit crime

Question 18

environmental design

how does CPTED link to rational choice theory?

Answer 18

if offenders make a rational choice to commit crime, the barriers put in place by CPTED should deter them from committing a crime

Question 19

prison design

what is the principle of the panopticon?

Answer 19

prison guards can see into each prison cell at any time, but prisoners cannot see the gaurds so they do not know if they are being watched

Question 20

prison design

how does the panopticon enforce good behaviour?

Answer 20

the prisoners behave as if they are being watched all the time so they internalise good behaviour and self discipline themselves

Question 21

prison design

give a modern day example of social control in prisons

Answer 21

in America, they have supermax jails which segregate prisoners who are most dangerous - this achieves social control as prisoners are segregated so they cannot learn from eachother

Question 22

behavioural tactics

what are behavioural tactics?

Answer 22

ways in which agencies can seek to change the behaviour of individuals to make them conform to social norms and laws

Question 23

behavioural tactics

what are ASBOs?

Answer 23

antisocial behaviour orders given to anyone aged 10+

Question 24

behavioural tactics

why were ASBOs given out?

Answer 24

to stop harassment, causing alarm or distress to other people who arent in the same household

Question 25

# behavioural tactics when where ASBOs introduced?

Answer 25

in 1988 through the crime and disorder act

Question 26

# behavioural tactics what conditions may come with getting an ASBO?

Answer 26

- restricted from being in certain areas - being restricted from taking part in certain activities - attending behaviour programmes

Question 27

# behavioural tactics what is the penalty for breaching the conditions of an ASBO?

Answer 27

- fines - a community sentence - prison sentence of up to 5 years

Question 28

# behavioural tactics what were ASBOs replaced by?

Answer 28

- they were replaced by criminal behaviour orders (CBOs) in 2014

Question 29

# behavioural tactics what criminological theory can ASBOs be linked to?

Answer 29

labelling theory

Question 30

# behavioural tactics what are token economies?

Answer 30

- token economies are a behaviour modification programme

Question 31

# behavioural tactics how do token economies work?

Answer 31

- if an individual behaves well, they get a token - if an individual does not behave well, they get nothing or get something taken away - the individuals can trade these tokens for rewards

Question 32

# behavioural tactics are token economies effective in controlling criminal behaviour? - statistical evidence

Answer 32

- can change behaviour in incarcerated individuals in up to 69% of cases

Question 32

# behavioural tactics criticisms of token economies?

Answer 32

- after prisoners leave prison, the same token currency does not exist so they may struggle to adapt back to the real world - individuals may expect reward for good behaviour and may struggle when their good behaviour is not always rewarded in the same way out of prison

Question 33

# behavioural tactics how successful are token economies in achieving social control?

Answer 33

- research shows that token economies are deemed to be effective in the long term - token economies aim to rehabilitate the offender

Question 34

# behavioural tactics how are token economies not successful in achieving social control?

Answer 34

- studies have shown that whilst token economies work in prison, once the token scheme is taken away their good behaviour generally slips

Question 35

# instituational tactics where are institutional tactics found in society?

Answer 35

- family - school - workplace - church - army - criminal justice institutions

Question 36

# instituational tactics give an example of a rule and sanction the family has

Answer 36

rule: no phones at the dinner sanction: phone taken away

Question 37

# instituational tactics given a rule and a sanction the school has

Answer 37

rule: do your homework sanction: detention for uncomplete homework

Question 38

# instituational tactics given an example of a rule and sanction in the workplace

Answer 38

rule: turn up on time sanction: a formal warning if you fail to show up on time

Question 39

# instituational tactics give an example of a rule and sanction in the army

Answer 39

rule: no offencesive tattoos sanction: will not be able to join the army

Question 40

# instituational tactics give an example of a rule an sanction in the church

Answer 40

rule: no blasphemy in church sanction: shunned by the church

Question 41

what tactics do the courts use to achieve social control?

Answer 41

- give out community orders or sentences - community orders aim for rehabilitation and sentences aim for deterrence

Question 42

# instituational tactics what happens if the offender fails to meet the requirements of their probation licence?

Answer 42

- they may be sent back to prison or given a warning

Question 43

# instituational tactics what rules are there in prison?

Answer 43

- prisoners may not leave their cell during cell time - no fighting - no unauthorised items - no leaving the prison

Question 44

# instituational tactics what punishments are there in prison for breaking the rules?

Answer 44

- solitary confinement - privileges taken away - up to 42 days added on to their sentence - transferred to a different prison

Question 45

# instituational tactics what concerns are prisoners placed on?

Answer 45

- risk of escape - risk to public - threat to prison stability

Question 46

# instituational tactics what will happen if a prisoners risk of escape, risk to prison and threat to prison stability changes during their prison sentence?

Answer 46

- they will be transferred to a lower or higher category prison

Question 47

# instituational tactics why can the degree of social control that stage agencies achieve never be complete?

Answer 47

- resources - new technology - unreported crime - existing laws

Question 48

# instituational tactics where does funding come from for state agencies?

Answer 48

- taxation

Question 49

# instituational tactics how much was the police budget cut by and what effect did it have?

Answer 49

- the police budget was cut by 19% - this led to a fall of 20,000 in police numbers

Question 50

# instituational tactics what can be the limitation of new technology being used in the police?

Answer 50

- the costs of using new technology eg DNA profiling can impact the police's ability to investigate offences

Question 51

# instituational tactics what impact has new technology had on the CJS?

Answer 51

- huge amounts of data are produced by new technology and this has placed enormous pressure on the agencies in the CJS

Question 52

# instituational tactics what % of crimes are reported to the police?

Answer 52

only 40%

Question 53

# instituational tactics how do existing laws impact social control?

Answer 53

- if a new harm emerges and there is no existing law to deal with it, the state is unable to control this behaviour

Question 54

# instituational tactics what is the online safety act?

Answer 54

- a new set of laws that protects children and adults online - puts a range of new duties on social media companies and search service to make them more responsible for their users' safety