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2.3 Biological Molecules > 3.3 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

3.3 Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates made out of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar unit

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3
Q

What is an example of a monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, ribose

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4
Q

What is made when two monosaccharides link?

A

Disaccharide

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5
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

2 monosaccharides formed through a condensation reaction and joined by a glycosidic bond

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6
Q

What is maltose made out of?

A

α-glucose, α-glucose (reducing)

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7
Q

What is lactose made out of?

A

glucose (alpha or beta) and galactose, (reducing)

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8
Q

What is sucrose made out of?

A

α-glucose and fructose (non-reducing)

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9
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

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10
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymer made of many sugar units, formed by a condensation reaction and joined by a glycosidic bond

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11
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen, cellulose, starch

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12
Q

What bond occurs in carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic

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13
Q

What is the formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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14
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose?

A

α-glucose, β-glucose

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15
Q

What are the two types of sugar molecule?

A

Hexose (six carbon atoms), penrose (five carbon atoms)

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16
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

Hexose

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17
Q

What is the structure of α-glucose?

A

-hexose sugar, containing 6 carbon atoms
-monosaccharide
-hydroxy group on carbon 1 is underneath

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18
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

-Energy supply for cells
-Energy storage
-Structural components, cellulose and chitin used in cell walls
-Cellular recognition
-Building blocks for biological membranes

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19
Q

What is the general formula of monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

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20
Q

What is an example of hexose sugars?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

21
Q

What is an example of pentose sugars?

A

Ribose, deoxyribose

22
Q

What is the structure of β-glucose?

A

-hexose sugar, containing 6 carbon atoms
-monosaccharide
-hydroxy group on carbon 1 is over

23
Q

How are polysaccharides broken down?

A

Hydrolysis reaction back to their monomers

24
Q

What are the properties of glucose?

A

-Soluble in water, as hydroxyl groups can form hydrogen bonds with water, so it can be transported around organisms
-It’s bonds store lots of energy, energy is released when bonds are broken

25
How are disaccharides formed?
Through condensation reactions
26
What happens during a reaction of two α-glucose molecules?
-A hydroxyl groups (OH) of one monosaccharide reacts with a hydroxyl group of another monosaccharide -Forming a glycosidic bond, maltose and a water molecule -Hydroxyl group on carbon 1 and 4 react together, so a 1-4 glycosidic bond forms
27
Definition of condensation reaction
A reaction between two molecules resulting in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule
28
Definition of hydrolysis reaction
The breakdown of a molecule into two smaller molecules requiring the addition of a water molecule
29
What occurs during a hydrolysis reaction with maltose
-Water molecule is added to maltose -Glycosidic bond broken -2 glucose monosaccharides produced
30
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
31
What monosaccharide is starch made out of?
α-glucose
32
What is the structure of starch?
-Mixture of two polysaccharides -Amylose, long unbranded, joined by only 1-4 glycosidic bonds, forms coiled spring shape -Amylopectin, long branched, joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
33
What are the properties and function of starch?
-Amylose, coiling makes it more compact, lots of glucose can be stored in a small space -Amylopectin, branches increase surface area for enzymes to hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds easily to rapidly release glucose -Insoluble, does not affect the water potential of a cell -Large, cannot diffuse out of cells -When hydrolysed, starch releases alpha-glucose monomers, which are readily used in respiration -Stores glucose
34
What is glycogen an example of?
A polysaccharide
35
What is glycogen made out of?
α-glucose
36
What is the structure of glycogen?
Long, branched chain with lots of side branches, 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
37
What is the use of starch?
Used in plants to stores excess glucose
38
What are the properties and functions of glucose?
-Insoluble, does not affect the water potential of a cell -Compact, lots of glucose stored in a small space -High branched (more than starch), increased surface area for enzyme to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds to rapidly release glucose -Large, cannot diffuse out of cells -Hydrolysis releases α-glucose which is readily used in respiration
39
What is the use of glycogen?
Animals stores excess glucose as glycogen in muscles and the liver, it is hydrolysed when needed for respiration
40
What is cellulose made out of?
β-glucose
41
What is the structure of cellulose?
-Long unbranched straight chains -1-4 glycosidic bonds easily -Every β-glucose molecule is inverted by 180° (alternating inversion), to bring the hydroxyl group close enough together to reac -Cellulose chains linked together by hydrogen bonds between the glucose molecules of each chain to form thicker fibres called microfibrils -Microfibrils join together to make macrofibrils which make strong cellulose fibres in the plant cell wall
42
What are the properties and function of cellulose?
-Long, straight and unbranched chains, provide rigidity to the cell wall -Hydrogen bonds, cross link the chains to add collective tensile strength -Microfibrils provide addition strength but still flexibility -Insoluble
43
What is the use of cellulose?
Structural component in cell walls of plant cells, provides support, allows cell to become turgid
44
Which polysaccharides contain 1-4 glycosidic bonds?
All of them
45
Which polysaccharides contain 1-6 glycosidic bonds?
Amylopectin, glycogen
46
How do you figure out which carbon is which number?
The carbons are numbered clockwise beginning with the carbon to the right of the oxygen atom within the ring
47
What is the structure of ribose?
-Pentose sugar, 5 carbon atoms
48

2.3 Biological Molecules (11 decks)

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