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604 EX3 > 3.3 Autoimmunity > Flashcards

3.3 Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

Type __ hypersensitivity reactions are initiated by Ag-Ab complexes which can induce an inflammatory response/complement system

A

III

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2
Q

what type of reaction is Arthus reaction an example of?

A

Type III, local

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3
Q

what is a systemic type III reaction?

A

Ag-Ab complexes circulate in bloodstream and settle in target organs and initiate an inflammatory response

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4
Q

Continuous buildup of Ag/Ab complexes can lead to ______

A

autoimmune disease

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5
Q

what are the 3 categories of immune complex lesion diseases?

A
  1. infectious/post-infectious disease
  2. auto-immune disease
  3. drug reactions
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6
Q

Renal disease, Streptococcal infections, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B are all examples of what kind of immune complex lesion diseases?

A

Infectious and post-infectious disease

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7
Q

Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are all examples of what kind of immune complex lesion diseases?

A

autoimmune diseases

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8
Q

how do RBCs play a role in removal of immune complexes?

A
  1. IgG in fixed complement can attach to CRI receptor on RBC
  2. it can interact with C3b
  3. will circulate and come in contact with kupffer cell
  4. it will then be destroyed
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9
Q

the sites of type ___ hypersensitivity reactions are the skin or mucosa

A

IV

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10
Q

what kind of cells are involved in Type IV reactions?

A

CD4+TH1, cytokines, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

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11
Q

what is the time frame for type IV rxns?

A

24-72hrs

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12
Q

Tuberculin, contact dermatitis, contact stomatitis, are all examples of type ___ reactions

A

IV

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13
Q

what are the steps of a tuberculin reaction?

A
  1. Antigen introduced into subcutaneous tissue → processed by APCs
  2. TH1 recognizes antigen and releases cytokines →
  3. recruitment of phagocytes, fluid, etc to site of antigen
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14
Q

what do these cytokines do in a tuberculosis reaction?
1. Chemokines
2. IFN-gamma
3. TFN-alpha & LT

A
  1. recruit macrophages
  2. activate macrophages
  3. tissue destruction
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15
Q

what are the steps of contact hypersensitivity?

A
  1. something comes in contact with skin (hapten)
  2. haptens go into epidermis where they interact with langerhan cells
  3. processed and go to lymph node
  4. will become dendritic cell and present antigen to CD4+ T cell → effector cell
  5. effector cell will interact with the macrophage and releases cytokines
  6. keratinocytes activated
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16
Q

what are the reaction times for these?
1. contact hypersensitivity
2. tuberculin
3. granuloma
4. IgE
5. Arthur

A
  1. 24-72h
  2. 24-72h
  3. 21-28 days
  4. <30min
  5. 5-6hr
17
Q

what are some examples of contact hypersensitivity?

A

nickel, poison ivy

18
Q

what happens in a poison ivy reaction?

A
  1. Pentadecatechol penetrates cell membrane and modifies intracellular proteins
  2. proteins broken down and become incorporated into MHC1
  3. MHC1 recognized by CD8+ cells
  4. this causes overall reaction
19
Q

what type of MHC do we see in a poison ivy reaction?

A

MHC1

20
Q

what type of T cells are seen in a granuloma reaction?

A

CD4 TH1

21
Q

Granuloma is a multinucleated giant cells with _____ cells in center, surrounded by T-cells

A

epitheliod

22
Q

what are the steps of a granuloma forming?

A
  1. APC + Naive T cell = IL-12 produced to stimulate T cell
  2. T cell proliferation, CD4 TH1+
  3. Activation of immature macrophages
  4. Macrophage changes in morphology to look like epithelial cells
  5. Epithelioid cells fuse and form multinucleated giant cell
  6. These form granuloma
23
Q

in a granuloma reaction ______ changes in morphology to resemble a _____ cell

A

macrophage, epithelial

24
Q

______ is a response to self antigens due to lack of tolerance, response MAY NOT be harmful

A

Autoimmunity

25
Q

____________ is a loss of tolerance to a self antigen that results in an immune response that WILL produce a clinical disease

A

Autoimmune disease

26
Q

what are the mechanisms of self tolerance?

A
  1. Negative selection of B cells
  2. Negative selection of T cells in thymus
  3. Sequestered antigens
  4. suppression of autoimmune response by Treg
  5. central tolerance
27
Q

RBC removal of immune complexes is efficent for ___ but not ____ immune complexes

A

IgG, IgA

28
Q

how can Treg get rid of self-reactive cells?

A

Treg has to attach to same APC as CD4 cell→ it will interact with TCR and MHC → then it will release cytokines that kills self-reactive CD4 cell

29
Q
  1. Cd28/B7 + specific signal =
  2. Only specific signal =
  3. Only Cd28/B7 =
A

1.activated T cell
2. anergic T cell
3. no effect on T cell

29
Q
  1. Cd28/B7 + specific signal =
  2. Only specific signal =
  3. Only Cd28/B7 =
A

1.activated T cell
2. anergic T cell
3. no effect on T cell

30
Q

Autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in females than males, except for which disease?

A

ankylosing spondylitis

31
Q

what are some possible causes of autoimmune diseases? (6)

A
  1. Cross reacting antigens
  2. Breakdown in lymphocyte regulation
  3. Microbes
  4. Sequestered antigens
  5. Environmental
  6. Genetic
32
Q

what is an example of a cross-reacting antigen that can cause an AID? what can it cause?

A

streptococcus antigen, rheumatic fever

33
Q

Strep uses _______ to cause loss of self-tolerance, interactions with myocardial tissue, and rheumatic fever

A

molecular mimicry

34
Q

a breakdown in lymphocyte regulation causes loss of ___ cells

A

Treg

35
Q

have we been able to ID microbes that are associated with human models for human AIDs?

A

NO, just animals

36
Q

________ are antigens not exposed to IS during immunological development

A

Sequestered antigens

37
Q

what are 2 examples of sequestered antigens?

A
  1. selective IgA deficiency
  2. trauma to eye releases sequestered antigen → carried to lymph and activate T cell → effector T cells return and attack BOTH eyes

604 EX3 (5 decks)

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