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604 EX3 > 3.1 Immune Failures > Flashcards

3.1 Immune Failures Flashcards

1
Q

what is an example of evasion by antigenic variation?

A
  1. Person is infected by different stereotypes of a bacteria (ex: S. pneumoniae)
  2. antibodies clear infection, but they are specific to that stereotype 3. they can NOT protect against another stereotype (will need a new antibody)
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2
Q

________ is when an antigenic shift occurs when RNA segments are exchanged between viral strains in a secondary host

A

Genetic Recombination

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3
Q

which virus uses genetic recombination?

A

Flu (it is made of 8 separate RNA segments held together by protein linkage → when inside cell, linkages come apart and recombination occurs)

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4
Q

_______ is a complete change in antigenicity

A

Antigenic shift

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5
Q
  1. pig infected with human and avian strands of flu virus
  2. recombination of human and avian RNA produces new virus
  3. no humans will have antibodies for this

This is an example of what?

A

antigenic shift

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6
Q

SARS-Co-2 is a single strand of RNA that can have _________ but NOT ______

A

point mutations
recombination

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7
Q

what can lead to a pandemic?

A

antigenic shift

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8
Q

_______ is when certain viruses can become latent/ hidden from immune response, but when activated they can cause a recurrent infection

A

latent

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9
Q

herpes is an example of ______

A

latency

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10
Q

Superantigens produced by gram _______ bacteria and have a _____ response

A

positive, nonspecific

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11
Q

what are the steps of a superantigen reaction?

A
  1. Superatigen binds to MHC →
  2. binds to certain types of Beta chain on TCR
  3. APC already activated so B7/CD28 interact
  4. massive response of IL-2, gamma IF, TNF-a
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12
Q

superantigen reactions have which kinds of cytokines?

A

IL2, gamma IF, TNF-a

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13
Q

_____ immunodeficiency diseases are seen at birth (genetic or developmental, dominant, recessive, or x-linked)

A

Primary (congenital)

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14
Q

what are examples of primary diseases?

A
  1. Bruton’s/X-linked Agammaglobulinemia:
  2. X-linked Hyper-IgM syndrome
  3. Selective IgA deficiency:
  4. DiGeorge’s syndrome:
  5. SCID:
  6. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease
  7. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
  8. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)
  9. Complement deficiencies
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15
Q

____________ is a B cell defect

A

Bruton’s/X-linked Agammaglobulinemia

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16
Q

can you handle viral infections if you have Bruton/s agammaglobulinemia?

A

yes, you still have CMI

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17
Q

what is the cause of Brutons disease?

A

loss of Bruton’s Tyrosine kinase (results in lack of B cell development, B cell stopped when Pre-B cell tries to leave BM)

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18
Q

what is treatment for brutons?

A

IV-IG monthly

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19
Q

X-linked Hyper-IgM syndrome is a disease in which people have a Lack of receptor for __________

A

CD40L or CD154 (expressed by CD4+ T-cells)

20
Q

if you have X-linked Hyper-IgM syndrome, there is no response to ________ antigens causing only ____ to be produced

A

T dependent
IgM

21
Q

what is the most common IDD?

A

selective IgA deficiency

22
Q

in someone with Selective IgA deficiency you would Expect to find _____ in their saliva/secretions

A

IgM

23
Q

_______ is a lack of thymus, which is a T-cell defect

A

DiGeorge’s syndrome

24
Q

In people with Digeorges syndome, if there are no TH2+ cells, what is the result of this?

A

can’t respond to T-dependent antigen, only can make B1 responses

25
Q

are antibody levels lower or higher in people with DiGeorges syndome?

A

Lower

26
Q

_______ is an IDD that results in a lac of cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity (T-cell dependent)

A

SCID

27
Q

what are the different types of SCIDs?

A
  1. XSCID: lack of IL2 receptor and Gamma chain
  2. RAG deficiency: no T or B rearrangement or recombo
  3. ADA def: build up metabolic products that are toxic to T,B, NK cells
28
Q

RAG doesn’t affect _______ cells bc they dont go through recombination

A

NK

29
Q

___________ happens when there is a Defect in patients phagocytic cells

A

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

30
Q

what happens in the cells in CGD? which cells does this effect?

A
  • can phagocytize a microbe but are unable to destroy them
    -Can’t form O2 radicals and hydrogen peroxide
    -Affects neutrophils and macrophages
31
Q

_________ is a primary immunodeficiency that causes individuals to be abnormally susceptible to developing frequent soft-tissue infections, gum inflammation, and tooth loss.

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)

32
Q

compare Type 1 vs Type 2 LAD

A
  • Type I: lack of a specific integrin on PMNs (LFA-1) –> Leukocyte cant interact with ICAM1 –> no diapedesis –> neutrophil cant enter tissue to kill (can roll but not diapedesis)
    -Type II: lack of selectin receptor on PMNs (cant roll or do diapedesis)
33
Q

what are the different types of complement deficiencies?

A

-Lack of early C components (C1, 2, 4):
-Lack of C3:
-Lack of membrane attack complex:
-Lack/Non-fxn of C1-esterase inhibitor:

34
Q

what is the result of lack of early C components?

A

this deficiency leads to immune-complex diseases, often autoimmune disease

35
Q

what is the result of lack of C3?

A

leads to pyogenic bacterial infections and higher susceptibility to capsulated bacteria

36
Q

what is the result of having a lack of MAC?

A

infection w/ neisseria SPP

37
Q

what is the result of lack/non-function of C1-esterase inhibitor?

A

leads to deficiency in hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE)

38
Q

_________ Prevents the non-specific activation of C1 and can cause random swelling

A

hereditary angioedema

39
Q

Some primary immune diseases have been cured from patient through ____________

A

bone marrow transplant

40
Q

Secondary (acquired) IDDs occur ________

A

after birth

41
Q

what are some causes of secondary IDDs?

A
  1. Malnutrition in developing countries
  2. Malignancy: Problems w/ infections and immunosuppression caused by treatment/disease
  3. Infections: Microbe causes immunodeficiency (HIV & measles virus)
42
Q

___________________ is an example of a secondary IDD that is caused by HIV

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

43
Q

what does HIV infect and have an effect on?

A

-HIV infects CD4+ T cells all CD4+ subsets, monocytes, macrophages and DC
-Large effect on CD4+ T cells and cell mediated immune responses

44
Q

___________ is used in treating patients w/ autoimmune diseases & in transplant setting

A

Immunosuppressive therapy

45
Q

_______ occur when microbes held in check by immune system cause infection in an immunocompromised host and may be life threatening

A

opportunistic infections

604 EX3 (5 decks)

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