3.3 Anatomy Of The Stomach, Intestines & Acessory Organs

Question 1

Describe the stomach

Answer 1

A backward C shaped organ located along the left side of the abdomen below the diaphragm. 

Question 2

Question 3

What are the two coverage of the stomach?

Answer 3

1. Concave lesser curvature: extends inward on the shorter side of the stomach.
2. Convex greater curvature:
   Extend outward on the longer side of the stomach .

Question 4

What is peritoneum?

Answer 4

A serous membrane that covers the stomach. Called the lesser omentum and the greater omentum.

Question 5

Lesser omentum

Answer 5

Attaches to the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver.

Question 6

Greater omentum

Answer 6

Hangs down, almost like an apron. It attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior wall of the abdomen, covering the transverse colon and anterior surface of the small intestines.

Question 7

What are the four parts of the stomach?

Answer 7

1. Cardia - where the food enters from the esophagus.
2. Fundus - is a dome shaped top of the stomach just under the diaphragm.
3. Body - the wider mid portion located between the fundus and the pyloric region.
4. Pyloric Region - the fourth part which is funnel shaped.

Question 8

Peristalsis

Answer 8

The tissue layers of the alimentary canal that contract and relax in wave like rhythm

Question 9

Rugae

Answer 9

They are folds within the stomach wall which allows the stomach to expand when full.

Question 10

What are the two purposes of the stomach?

Answer 10

1. Temporary storage of food.
2. Mechanical food breakdown.

Question 11

What are the layers of the stomach?

Answer 11

1. Longitudinal layer.
2. Circular layer
3. Oblique muscle layer

Question 12

What does the oblique layer of the abdomen do?

Answer 12

Allows the stomach to mix, food, more efficiently with the gastric juices, breaks food down into smaller pieces for digestion and later absorption of nutrients.

Question 13

Ulcer

Answer 13

An open sore in the wall caused by a gradual disintegration of tissues.

*a cause is bacterial infection like H. Pylori causes ulcers by eating away at the mucosal lining.

• can cause open sores, where gastric juices enter the abdominal region and cause bleeding or damage to other organs.

Question 14

Chyme

Answer 14

Stomach contents that are thick and soupy consistency.

Question 15

Pyloric sphincter

Answer 15

A narrow opening controlled by a valve at the base of the stomach. 
* relaxation of the sphincter causes small quantity of chyme to pass through the opening into the duodenum.

• Next this reflex causes the muscles of the sphincter to contract, and close and open temporarily.

Question 16

Ileocecal Valve

Answer 16

Controls the entrance to the large intestine 

Question 17

Describe the small intestine?

Answer 17

A coiled tube approximately 20 feet long that runs from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve.

The longest part of the Gastrointestinal track.

Question 18

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

Answer 18

1. Duodenum - the shortest section. Where are enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver into the small intestine.
2. Jejunum - the second section.
3. Ileum - slightly longer than the jejunum.

Question 19

Three structures in the small intestine walls?

Answer 19

1. Circular folds - have villi and microvilli
2. Villi - small finger like projections.
3. Microvilli - even smaller singer like projections.

The structures increase the surface area from 20 feet length to about 1800 square feet, to greatly increase absorption of nutrients.

Question 20

Lacteal

Answer 20

The blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that are in each villus.

Question 21

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Question 29

The large intestine

Answer 29

Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus

Question 30

What are the eight parts of the large intestine?

Answer 30

1. Cecum - the entrance through the ileocecal valve.
2. Appendix - hangs from the cecum and is usually twisted.
3. Ascending colon - runs along the right side of the abdomen superiorly.
4. Transverse colon - runs across the abdomen.
5. Descending colon - runs along the left side of the abdomen superiorly to the sigmoid colon.
6. Sigmoid colon - travels through the pelvis, connecting with the rectum.
7. Rectum - connects to the anal canal.
8. Anal canal - we are feces are expelled through the anus and the end of the GI track.

*right colic (hepatic) flexure connects ascending and traverse colon.

*left colic (splenic) flexure connects transverse and descending colon.

Question 31

What are the sphincters of the anal canal?

Answer 31

1. Internal - involuntary smooth muscle.
2. External - voluntary skeletal muscle.

Question 32

Rectum

Answer 32

The last 20 cm of the large intestine which terminates in an the anus

Question 33

Functions of the large intestine

Answer 33

1. Bacteria.
2. Water absorption
3. Compaction.
4. Defecation.

Question 34

Pancreas

Answer 34

Lies deep in the abdominal wall. Since pancreatic juice into the duodenum by the way of the pancreatic duct.

Question 35

Sodium bicarbonate

Answer 35

Pancreatic juice that neutralizes the chyme and makes the pH of the small intestine slightly basic.

Question 36

Liver - important functions

Answer 36

1. Bile
2. Glycogen
3. Urea