327-M9 - Institutional Corrections Flashcards
What is the Walls to Bridges Program? What genre of correctional programming is it?
- Educational program
- post-secondary courses with co-learners held within prison institutions
What is the CORCAN? Explain:
* purposes
* who runs it
* its controversy
- Purpose: reintegration into workforce
- Run by: CSC
- job training and skills development
- controversial because of its low pay
Name some examples of social programming in correctional institutions
parenting, rec/leisure
What are some special features of Indigenous programs in corrections facilities
- healing programs are specific to communities
- can include 1-on-1 counselling with an elder
What are special features of animal-assisted therapy programs?
intended populations, benefits
- for people with mental health/addiction/trauma issues (MAT)
- reducing isolation/frustration, increasing empathy, self-esteem
What is the MAIN criticism of corrections programs?
High demand and limited space
Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: prisons regarded as “total institutions”
- Goffman’s term
- life is controlled by the institution, no self-regulation, independence, autonomy
Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: conflicting goals of prison
- the conflict between punishment and rehabilitation
Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: prisons as public/political institutions
decisions on resources, policies, reflects the politics and values of whoever is in charge
Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: overcrowding in prisons
- double/triple bunking
- segregation cells
- higher demand for treatment programs, could sacrifice program fidelity
What does it mean to sacrifice program fidelity?
making it not as effective to accomodate for higher demand (higher class sizes, shorter program intervals)
Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: the changing profile for the security level and age of offenders
What are the current trends?
- more offenders are max-security prisonders
- more offenders are older
T/F: 1 in 4 federal inmates is affiliated with a gang/organized crime group?
False. It is 1 in 5 or 6 federal inmates.
Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: gangs and violence
gang crimes within prison, where is violence concered?
- gangs: tend to smuggle+deal drugs, extort, violent (riots)
- violence: need to ensure inmate and staff safety, expecially in max
Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: drugs
- drugs are freely available
- people need coping mechanisms and are generally motivated to use drugs
- smuggling/dealing can involve both inmates and staff
status degradation ceremonies
the psychological and material stripping that marks the concrent end of an individual’s regular life –> prison
Pains of imprisonment: 2 primary, 2 secondary, and the habits that occur
primary:
* loss of liberty
* loss of goods/services
secondary:
* loss of relationships
* deprivation of autonomy and security
self-defeating habits tend to develop
Segregation is more colloquially referred to as…
Solitary confinement
administrative segregation
need to be segregated for prisoner’s safety
Disciplinary segregation
segregation in response to ppr behaviour
Which province lead to the shut down of segregation and why?
B.C.’s supreme court, violation of charter rights
features of Structured Intervention Units (SIUs)
- segregation, but still has access to rehab programs
- 4 hrs outside
- 2 hrs meaningful interaction
criticisms of Structured Intervention Units (SIUs)
- only a rebrand of segregation
- overrepresentation of mental health issues, indigenous people
- many are here over 16+ days (defined as “torture”)
- not actually getting 4 hrs outside and 2 hrs interaction
What are the 3 statements on prisoner rights by the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA)?
- retention of rights other than those removed as part of sentence
- decisions are forthright, fair, and subject to grievances
- equality and special consideration of needs to certain groups
Office of the Correctional Investigator
- part of Canadian Human Rights Commision
- acts, investigates complaints
- federally funded
- annual report to parliament
- provides non-binding recommendations
Similarities and differences between the Elizabeth Fry Society and the John Howard Society
- both are advocacy groups that raise awareness o issues and call for change
- E - women, J - youth
What is the average number of deaths per year in custody? What are the first and second most common causes?
~53 deaths
* majority natural causes
* 2nd most common: suicide
Provide a summary of the Ashley Smith case
- many incident reports and a history of violence and self-harm in adolescence and early adulthood
- self-harming behaviours lead to a suicide at 19, in which officers were given the command to not intervene unless she was “not breathing”
Explain the differences between the Pennsylvania and the Auburn system, in terms of:
1. procedures
2. underlying approaches to reform
What are their colloquial terms?
- Both systems do not allow inmates to speak, but only the Pennsylvania system separates its inmates
- Pennsylvania: thinking about their crimes and repentance leads to reformation; Auburn: hard labour is the path to reform
What are docile bodies?
Who coined this term?
Foucault; describes prisoners who are compliant, passive, and do not dare challenge the authority of prison
What four conditions produce docile bodies?
- denying freedom
- establishing arbitrary prison rules
- harsh punishment
- substandard living conditions
What did the 1848 report on Kingston reveal (specific issues) and its recommended course of action? Who wrote it?
who was the warden at the time?
Brown’s report on warden Henry Smith’s Kingston revealed:
* cruel treatment of 10-11 year old inmates
* starved prisoners
* SA’d female inmates
he later focused on:
- reformation of prisons with a focus on rehabilitiation
sort these correctional ideologies in chronological order:
- risk prediction ideology
- medicinal model of corrections
- policy of normalization
- reintegration model of corrections
- Policy of normalization
- Medicinal model of corrections
- reintegration model of corrections
- risk prediction ideology
Policy of normalizations
reformation comes from strict discipline which helps in reintegration
What are some example institutions and criticisms of the policy of normalization?
e.g. Kingston
Criticisms:
* gross negligence
* sadistically brutal treatment
* corruption
What was the focus for the Medicinal Model of Corrections?
rehabilitation: prisoners were patients with illnesses
following Archambault’s key goals of rehabilitation
What are Archambault’s 4 key goals of rehabilitiation?
- Protection of society
- safe custody of inmates
- strict but humane discipline
- reformation and rehabilitiation of inmates
What are the criticisms behind the medicinal model of corrections?
Which report established these criticisms?
revealed by the Fauteaux Report
1. ineffective and counterproductive
2. no impacts on crime rates
What was the focus for the Reintegration Model of Corrections?
reintegration
What were key areas of concern for the reintegration model of corrections?
- housing issues
- mental health/addictions
- employment
- stigma
What is the main focus for Risk Prediction Ideology?
The focus on the risk assessment of offenders and adjusting treatments accordingly
What are some criticisms of Risk Prediction Ideology
- programs are only tested on white males, hard to dtm efficacy for vulnerable groups
- Individualization of responsibility
Individualization of responsibility
individual is blamed and is responsible for their inefficiency with issues within and outside of prison
Where are youth inmates held?
Under provincial/territorial jurisdiction
What is the average annual cost for…
- Female inmates
- Male inmates
- Female: 200k/year
- Male: 120k/year
What are characteristics of minimum-security institutions?
- no armed security posts
- freedom restricted only at night
- more likely to be released to community
What are characteristics of medium-security institutions?
- fences around the perimeter, higher security
- more freedom than max security
- where most inmates are housed
What are characteristics of maximum-security institutions?
rigid, controlled environments
What are characteristics of multi-level institutions?
have multiple levels (min, med, max) within the same place
What are characteristics of Aboriginal Healing lodges?
- run by CSC/gov’t or contract with Indigenous organizations
- reflect indigenous values and cultures
- NOT limited to indigenous offenders
What are characteristics of Special Handling Units?
- most dangerous offenders
- temporary space until reintegration to max security establishments
What are the three components of a security classification? (CRS)
- escape risk
- risk to public safety
- level of supervision required
these form the basis of the custody rating scale CRS
RNR
The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model
in RNR model…
Two types of risks include:
static and dynamic risks
in RNR model…
Static risks
what are they and what are they used for?
- cannot be changed
used for assessing security classification
in RNR model…
Dynamic risks
what are they and what are they used for?
risks thac can be changed
used to assess rehabilitation approaches
in RNR model…
Needs
criminogenic needs
needs directly linked to the criminal behaviour, used to determine approahces
in RNR model…
Responsivity
individualized treatment and services and their provision
