327-M9 - Institutional Corrections Flashcards by Karen Pangan

What is the Walls to Bridges Program? What genre of correctional programming is it?

Educational program
post-secondary courses with co-learners held within prison institutions

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What is the CORCAN? Explain:
* purposes
* who runs it
* its controversy

Purpose: reintegration into workforce
Run by: CSC
job training and skills development
controversial because of its low pay

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Name some examples of social programming in correctional institutions

parenting, rec/leisure

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What are some special features of Indigenous programs in corrections facilities

healing programs are specific to communities
can include 1-on-1 counselling with an elder

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What are special features of animal-assisted therapy programs?

intended populations, benefits

for people with mental health/addiction/trauma issues (MAT)
reducing isolation/frustration, increasing empathy, self-esteem

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What is the MAIN criticism of corrections programs?

High demand and limited space

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Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: prisons regarded as “total institutions”

Goffman’s term
life is controlled by the institution, no self-regulation, independence, autonomy

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Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: conflicting goals of prison

the conflict between punishment and rehabilitation

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Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: prisons as public/political institutions

decisions on resources, policies, reflects the politics and values of whoever is in charge

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Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: overcrowding in prisons

double/triple bunking
segregation cells
higher demand for treatment programs, could sacrifice program fidelity

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What does it mean to sacrifice program fidelity?

making it not as effective to accomodate for higher demand (higher class sizes, shorter program intervals)

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Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: the changing profile for the security level and age of offenders

What are the current trends?

more offenders are max-security prisonders
more offenders are older

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T/F: 1 in 4 federal inmates is affiliated with a gang/organized crime group?

False. It is 1 in 5 or 6 federal inmates.

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Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: gangs and violence

gang crimes within prison, where is violence concered?

gangs: tend to smuggle+deal drugs, extort, violent (riots)
violence: need to ensure inmate and staff safety, expecially in max

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Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: drugs

drugs are freely available
people need coping mechanisms and are generally motivated to use drugs
smuggling/dealing can involve both inmates and staff

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status degradation ceremonies

the psychological and material stripping that marks the concrent end of an individual’s regular life –> prison

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Pains of imprisonment: 2 primary, 2 secondary, and the habits that occur

primary:
* loss of liberty
* loss of goods/services
secondary:
* loss of relationships
* deprivation of autonomy and security

self-defeating habits tend to develop

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Segregation is more colloquially referred to as…

Solitary confinement

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administrative segregation

need to be segregated for prisoner’s safety

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Disciplinary segregation

segregation in response to ppr behaviour

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Which province lead to the shut down of segregation and why?

B.C.’s supreme court, violation of charter rights

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features of Structured Intervention Units (SIUs)

segregation, but still has access to rehab programs
4 hrs outside
2 hrs meaningful interaction

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criticisms of Structured Intervention Units (SIUs)

only a rebrand of segregation
overrepresentation of mental health issues, indigenous people
many are here over 16+ days (defined as “torture”)
not actually getting 4 hrs outside and 2 hrs interaction

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What are the 3 statements on prisoner rights by the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA)?

retention of rights other than those removed as part of sentence
decisions are forthright, fair, and subject to grievances
equality and special consideration of needs to certain groups

Office of the Correctional Investigator

* part of Canadian Human Rights Commision * acts, investigates complaints * federally funded * annual report to parliament * provides non-binding recommendations

Similarities and differences between the Elizabeth Fry Society and the John Howard Society

* both are advocacy groups that raise awareness o issues and call for change * E - women, J - youth

What is the average number of deaths per year in custody? What are the first and second most common causes?

~53 deaths * majority natural causes * 2nd most common: suicide

Provide a summary of the Ashley Smith case

* many incident reports and a history of violence and self-harm in adolescence and early adulthood * self-harming behaviours lead to a suicide at 19, in which officers were given the command to not intervene unless she was "not breathing"

Explain the differences between the Pennsylvania and the Auburn system, in terms of: 1. procedures 2. underlying approaches to reform | What are their colloquial terms?

1. Both systems do not allow inmates to speak, but only the Pennsylvania system separates its inmates 2. Pennsylvania: thinking about their crimes and repentance leads to reformation; Auburn: hard labour is the path to reform

What are docile bodies? | Who coined this term?

Foucault; describes prisoners who are compliant, passive, and do not dare challenge the authority of prison

What four conditions produce docile bodies?

1. denying freedom 2. establishing arbitrary prison rules 3. harsh punishment 4. substandard living conditions

What did the 1848 report on Kingston reveal (specific issues) and its recommended course of action? Who wrote it? | who was the warden at the time?

Brown's report on warden Henry Smith's Kingston revealed: * cruel treatment of 10-11 year old inmates * starved prisoners * SA'd female inmates he later focused on: - reformation of prisons with a focus on rehabilitiation

sort these correctional ideologies in chronological order: - risk prediction ideology - medicinal model of corrections - policy of normalization - reintegration model of corrections

1. Policy of normalization 2. Medicinal model of corrections 3. reintegration model of corrections 4. risk prediction ideology

Policy of normalizations

reformation comes from strict discipline which helps in reintegration

What are some example institutions and criticisms of the **policy of normalization**?

e.g. Kingston Criticisms: * gross negligence * sadistically brutal treatment * corruption

What was the focus for the **Medicinal Model of Corrections**?

rehabilitation: prisoners were patients with illnesses following Archambault's key goals of rehabilitation

What are Archambault's 4 key goals of rehabilitiation?

1. Protection of society 2. safe custody of inmates 3. strict but humane discipline 4. reformation and rehabilitiation of inmates

What are the criticisms behind the **medicinal model of corrections**? | Which report established these criticisms?

revealed by the Fauteaux Report 1. ineffective and counterproductive 2. no impacts on crime rates

What was the focus for the **Reintegration Model of Corrections**?

reintegration

What were key areas of concern for the reintegration model of corrections?

- housing issues - mental health/addictions - employment - stigma

What is the main focus for **Risk Prediction Ideology**?

The focus on the risk assessment of offenders and adjusting treatments accordingly

What are some criticisms of **Risk Prediction Ideology**

- programs are only tested on white males, hard to dtm efficacy for vulnerable groups - Individualization of responsibility

Individualization of responsibility

individual is blamed and is responsible for their inefficiency with issues within and outside of prison

Where are youth inmates held?

Under provincial/territorial jurisdiction

What is the average annual cost for... * Female inmates * Male inmates

* Female: 200k/year * Male: 120k/year

What are characteristics of **minimum**-security institutions?

- no armed security posts - freedom restricted only at night - more likely to be released to community

What are characteristics of **medium**-security institutions?

* fences around the perimeter, higher security * more freedom than max security * where most inmates are housed

What are characteristics of **maximum**-security institutions?

rigid, controlled environments

What are characteristics of **multi-level** institutions?

have multiple levels (min, med, max) within the same place

What are characteristics of **Aboriginal Healing lodges**?

* run by CSC/gov't or contract with Indigenous organizations * reflect indigenous values and cultures * NOT limited to indigenous offenders

What are characteristics of **Special Handling Units**?

- most dangerous offenders - temporary space until reintegration to max security establishments

What are the three components of a security classification? (CRS)

1. escape risk 2. risk to public safety 3. level of supervision required these form the basis of the custody rating scale CRS

RNR

The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model

# in RNR model... Two types of risks include:

static and dynamic risks

# in RNR model... Static risks | what are they and what are they used for?

* cannot be changed used for assessing **security classification**

# in RNR model... Dynamic risks | what are they and what are they used for?

risks thac can be changed used to assess **rehabilitation approaches**

# in RNR model... Needs

**criminogenic needs** needs directly linked to the criminal behaviour, used to determine approahces

# in RNR model... Responsivity

individualized treatment and services and their provision