327-M3 - Policing: History, Structure, and Organization Flashcards
Who created the Metropolitan Police Act?
Bonus points if you state when this was made.
Sir Robert Peel, 1829
What is consent or consent-based policing?
Where the power and authority of the police comes from the common consent of the public.
What are the 9 principles of Peel’s police?
- Effective justice is seen with no crime
- police must prevent crime
- using only policing (not judging, punishing)
- cooperation with the public is key
- less force used = more cooperation
- force is used as a last resort
- public approval of the actions/strategies of police
- impartiality
- justice happens through the community as a whole
What are the three R’s?
When were they established?
- Random patrol
- Rapid response
- Reactive investigation
What is the historical opposite of consent-based policing?
Professional policing
What is the synonym of consent-based policing?
NOT “consent”, bonus pts if you state when this was established again.
Community policing, which was established in 1970s.
What are the 4 types of police?
- RCMP
- Provincial Police
- First Nations Police Services
- Municipal/Regional Police Services
What characteristics of RCMP are different from other police?
NOT the jobs specific to RCMP, more historical/cultural
- administer the Canadian Police Information Centre
- Centralized training
- nonunionization
- Accountable only to the RCMP Act (federal act)
Canadian Police Information Centre
Information about people who have been charged with offenses. Includes:
- criminal checks
- DNA databank
- national sex offender registry
Roles of the RCMP
- enforcing federal laws
- security services
- international peacekeeping efforts
- intelligence/national security matters
- contract police for provinces
What % of RCMP are contract police? What % of policing do they do throughout canada?
60%, 25% of policing.
What is the RCMP act?
A federal act that establishes the guidelines for RCMP structure and conduct. Only applicable to RCMP, and RCMP only respond to this.
What are the roles of the provincial police?
- policing to rural areas
- contract services to municipalities
What legislation do provincial police respond to?
Provincial police legislation
Name 2 examples of provincial police
OPP - Ontario Provincial police
SQ-QPP - Quebec Provincial Police
2 policing options for First Nations communities include:
- self-administered police services
- contracts wiht existing police services
According to the Law Reform Commission, what are the four key values in policing?
JEAE
1. justice
2. equality
3. accountability
4. efficiency
Name 3 modern police roles or functions
- assistance and information
- criminal investigation
- crime prevention
- law enforcement
- maintenance of public order
- emergency response
Provide examples of ways police maintain public order
- crowd control
- domestic disturbances
- natural disasters
- medical emergencies
Differential policing
treating different groups in different ways. problematic
Explain low visibility discretion of the police
Police are not immediately visible to their supervisors, and cannot be criticized for their discretion in this way.
What 3 factors influence the discretion and decision-making for police? provide an example of each.
- situational variables (offence seriousness, setting, suspect behaviour, complainer)
- community variables (race/class of community)
- extralegal factors (demographical characteristics of individuals)
Define the Working Personality of the Police
the specific attitudes and behaviour that characterize police as a group
Name some specific characteristics of the police subculture
- preoccupation with danger
- strong in-group solidarity and code of silence
- individually-protective cynincism
- excessive suspiciousness of people and activities
- difficulty balancing authority with citizen rights in maintaining order
- viewing policing as a way of life
- conservative political and moral views
What is North American police’s stance on education?
Not needed currently, but there are pros/cons. pros: better police, cons: only richer are police.
What is the main motivation behind the resurgence of modern community policing?
Broken Windows theory
Broken Window metaphor in crime
the creation of neighbourhood disorder is a self-sustaining community cycle. Police cannot combat this by themselves.
3 Ps of modern Community Policing
Prevention
Problem-Solving
Partnership
What are some problems with community policing applications? Name 3/6.
- treating it as an “add-on” to “real” policing
- imbalance between problem-solving and community partnership
- hard to tailor to community needs
- lack of support at working level
- too few resources devoted
- not fully integrated into routine police operations
explain the EPS Neighbourhood Foor Patrol Project. Was it effective?
Police were based on mini-stations, interaction. Result in crime rate reduction, reduced repeat calls, improved user satisfaction, job satisfaction, neighbourhood and problem familiarity.
What are hybrid forms of policing?
hybrids of the brown (militarized) and blue (consent-based) policing models
What is the main consensus of the future of policing? What model is it? What evidence supports this?
hybrid police
supported by evidence such as
* public expectation of meeting the needs of vulnerable sectors
* growing pluralism
* changing nature of crime
* fiscal constraints of government gives way to scrutiny
Alternate views on the future of policing
- defunding the police
- governmentized police
- different police for different jobs
