Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Paramedicine > 327 Exam > Flashcards

327 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of Shock

A

1- Cardiogenic
2- Obstructive
3- hypovolemia
4- Distributive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the ideal MAP adequate tissue perfusion?

A

=>65mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are normal Lactate levels and levels in shock

A

0.5mmol/L normal
>4mmol/L in shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Signs of Compensated shock

A
  1. Weak and light headed
  2. Pallor
  3. Tachycardia
  4. Diaphoretic
  5. tachypnea
  6. Decrease Urine
  7. weak pulse
  8. thirst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Signs of Decompensated shock

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. ALOC
  3. Cardiac Arrest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treatment for Hypovolemia

A
  1. Stop bleed
  2. High flow O2
  3. Compund sodium Lactate 250ml bolus to maintain radial pulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the six Ps of ischemia

A

1- pain
2- pallor
3- paralysis
4- perishingly cold
5- parasthesia
6- pulselessness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dislocation management

A

No neruo compromise- immobilise in position found and manage pain

Neuro compromise- pain management- gentle traction not over 5kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain Ottawa ankle rule

A

1- palpate for pain on the lateral and medial malleolus start distal and move 6 cm proximal
2- palpate for tenderness over navicular and 5th metatarsal
3- get the patient to walk for continuous steps
One of the three a positive 25 to 50% chance of a fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Management of impaled objects

A

1- do not remove except airway obstruction
2-Apply very bulky padding
3- transport object in place
4- no unnecessary movement
5- have the object cut to size for transport when necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the sign for your base of skull fracture

A

Raccoon eyes
dilated pupil
battle signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the neck veins in hypovolemia

A

Flat neck veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain nurogenic shock

A

An injury to the spine occurs. Blocking sympathetic nervous signal. Allowing unopposed parasympathetic stimulation.
Causing, hypotension, bradycardia warm dry pink skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two causes of obstructive shock

A

1- tension pneumothorax
2- cardiac tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is beck triad and what condition is it used for

A

1- Hypotension
2- distended neck veins
3- muffled heart signs

Signs of cardiac tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain a tension pnumothorax

A

Injury to the lung leading to air escaping into the plural space. Building up causing it to tension (pressure). Putting pressure on the effected lung.
This will also collapse the low pressure vena cavas decreasing venous return leading to a block in the vena cava.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical manifestations of tension Pneumothorax

A

1- distended neck vein - collapsed vena cava
2- subcutaneous emphysema
3- Dyspnea
4- air hungry
5- lack of air sounds on that side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain cardiac tamponade

A

Fluid filling within the pericardium. Squeezing the heart prevent heart filling. Build up of blood in the vena cava leading to Distended neck veins and becks triad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment for Tension Pnumo

A

O2
Position
Pain management
Chest decompression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain process for chest decompression

A

SMART
Second intercostal space
Mid clavicular line
Above the rib Below
Right angles to the chest
Towards the spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Treatment for haemothorax

A

Load and go
Fluid titrate to bp 90-100mmhg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is ICP

A

Intracranial pressure
Pressure of brain and contents within the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is CPP

A

Cerebral perfusion pressure
Pressure required to perfume the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What CPP is requred for the brain?

A

> 60mmHg to perfuse the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What’s normal dangerous and severe ICP
Normal 5-15mmhg Dangerous >15mmhg Herniation syndrome >20mmhg
26
What’s the formula to calculate MAP
SBP + 2 * DBP /3
27
Pt has a BP of 83/50 What’s the MAP
=83+2*50/3 =83+100/3 =183/3 =61mmhg
28
When does ICP=20
When the patient is showing symptoms of increased ICP Unequal pupils Decrease LoC Etc
29
What’s the formula for CPP
CPP= MAP-ICP
30
Explain Cushing reflex
^ICP >mean arterial pressure leads to cerebral ischaemia stage one cerebral ischaemia stimulate sympathetic nervous system alpha-1 receptors cause vasoconstriction leading to hypertension Beta-2 leads to increase in heart rate stage two hypertension leads to Baro receptor activation in the aortic arch leads to stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system leading to activation of muscarinic two receptors leading to bradycardia stage three hypertension puts pressure on the brainstem of the rest centre leading to irregular breathing
31
What is Cushing’s triad
* One Irregular respirations * two bradycardia * three hypertension
32
**Metoclopramide** MOA, Dose, Route, Prep.
Inhibits Dopamine 2 and 5HT3 receptors in the CTZ. 10mg IV 10mg in 2mL
33
**Ondansetron** MOA, Dose, Route, Prep
**Ondansetron** Blocks 5HT3 receptros in the stomach 4mg IV 4mg in 2mL
34
**Morphine** MOA, Dose, Route, Prep
Blocks opioid recpetors in the CNS blocking the pain action potential 2.5-5mg IV 10mg 1mL
35
**Fentanyl** Dose, route, prep
600mcg 2mL Initial Dose 240mcg undiluted IN (Spray in alternate nostrils) ̶ First Spray 120mcg (0.4mL) - Patient receives 90mcg ̶ Second Spray 90mcg (0.3mL) - Patient receives 90mcg ̶ Third Spray 60mcg (0.2mL) - Patient receives 60mcg
36
**Naloxone** MOA, dose, route, Prep
Blocks opioid receptors 400mcg 1mL 400mcg IM
37
**Ketamine** Prep and dose
Prep- 200mg in 2ml dilute with 18mL of NaCl Dose- 0.25mg/Kg Max 30mg bolus
38
Adrenaline infusion protocol
1mg 1:10,000 diluted in 90mL of CSL 5mcg/min (30 drips/min).
39
Define the rules of nine
40
Signs of airway involvements burns
HISSCA * Hoarse voice * Inspiratory stridor * seesaw breathing * singed nasal or facial hair * Carbon material * anterior neck burns
41
Whats the burns management
* Cool running water 20 minutes * Pain releif * clean dry dressing * fluids * transport
42
parklands formula for fluids
4mLs * %BSA * Weight (Kg) Half given over first 8 hours
43
What is Kehr sign
Pain in the left shoulder caused by irritation of the under surface of the diaphragm by blood leaking from a ruptured **spleen**. The pain impulses are referred along the phrenic nerve.
44
in trauma what does grey turners sign indicate
Retroperitoneal Haemorrhage
45
whats the lethal triad
1. hypothermia 2. coagulopathy 3. acidosis
46
an Increase in partial pressure of CO2 causes what to cerebral vascular
Incease in pCO2 (hypoventilation) causes promotes cerebral Vasodialation.
47
a decrease in partial pressure of CO2 causes what to cerebral vascular
Hypervetialtion causes vasoconstriction, decreasing blood flow.
48
Signs and symptoms of Subarachnoid Harmorrhage?
* Severe headache * Coma * Vomiting * Cerebral herniation syndrome possible
49
Acute Epidural Signs and Symptoms
* Initial LOC followed by a period of lucid intervals * Vomiting * Headache * ALOC * ipsilateral dilated pupil (dilated pupil on same side of head injury)
50
Acute subdural haematoma signs and symptoms
* Fluctuations in LOC * Headache * focal neuro signs; eg weak to one side, slurred speech
51
Treatment for patients with TBIs?
Assist ventilation High-flow oxygen One breath every 6–8 seconds SpO2 >95% Maintain EtCO2 at 35 mmHg Check BGL
52
3 complications of SMR
1. Airway compromise and aspiration 2. Hypoxia 3. Pressure sores
53
when is compund sodium lactate indicated for burns patients
Adults TBSA >20% Paeds TBSA >10%
54
Explain Crush syndrome
Crushed muscle tissue becomes damaged due to the crush and necrotic due to ischaemia Cellular lysis (destruction/damage) results in the release of metabolic by products, such as; Myoglobin Phosphate and potassium Lactic acid Uric acid
55
Management of **Crush** syndrome
1. Compund sodium lactate 10mL/kg bolous 2. Pain management 3. Calcium glucnate (ICP) 4. Sodium Bi carb (ICP)
56
What are the normal mild moderate and sevre levels for **Hyperkalemia**
* 3.5-5 mEq/l Normal * 5.5-6.0 mEq/L - Mild * 6.1-7.0 mEq/L - Moderate * 7.0 mEq/L and greater – Severe
57
Describe the pathophys of Compartment syndrome
* fluid is introdued to a fixed volume compartment * leads to an increase in pressure collapsing or blocking the capillarys decresing perfusion * Skeletal muscle responds to perfusion y releasing inflammatroy mediators * capilleries become leaky * myocites breakdown and attract water further increasing fluid and pressure.
58
Signs and symptoms of Compartment syndrome
6 Ps of ischemia
59
What is paramedic management of crush injury
1. care of the injury 2. Pain relief 3. plint fractures 4. ice packs on severe contusions
60
What is Rhabdomyolysis
breakdown of muscle fibres resulting in the release of myglobin into the bloodstream
61
Casues of Rhabdo
* Crush Injuries * Compartment syndrome * Ischemia or Necrosis of Muscle (DVT) * Hyperthermia * Seizures * Severe exertion such as marathon running * Trauma * Electrolyte Disorders * Other metabolic causes
62
Symptoms of Rhabdo
1. Dark or red urine 2. general weakness 3. muscle stiffness 4. muscle tenderness
63
treatments for Rhabdo
Aggressive fluids treat hyperkalemia if present
64
Hyperkalemia on ECG
Peaked T waves – 5.5 - 6 mEq/L Wide QRS – 7 - 7.5 mEq/L Flat/lost P waves – 7 – 8 mEq/L Fusion with T wave forming sine wave - >9 mEq/L
65
Signs and symptoms of **Cholinergic** Toxicity
**Bumbbels and sledge** D iarrhoea U rination M iosis B ronchorrhea/bronchospasm B radycardia E mesis L acrimation S alivation S alivation L acrimation U rination D efecation E mesis GI Cramping E mesis
66
Management for Cholinergic toxicity
* Supportive ABC’s * Prevent Cross- contamination to paramedics * Decontamination of the Patient * All contaminated clothing should be removed and quarantined * Atropine - until the patient is dry of secretions and has adequate air entry. Large doses may be required in severe cases until the desired clinical endpoints are attained.
67
Anticholinergic Toxidrome – Signs & Symptoms
Central inhibition leads to; * Agitated (hyperactive) delirium * Confusion * Visual Hallucinations * Mumbling incoherently * Fluctuating LOC Peripheral inhibition leads to; * Hot & Dry skin * Flushed Appearance * Mydriasis – (Pupil Dilation) * Tachycardia * Decreased gastric motility & bowel sounds * Urinary Retention
68
Anti Cholinergic Likely suspects:
* TCA * *Droperidol * Olanzapine * promethazine
69
Anti Cholinergic likely treatment
* Supportive * Treat hyperthermia * IF TCA- Sodium Bicarb
70
Sympathomimetic Toxidrome – Signs & Symptoms
MATHS * Mydriasis * Aggitation * Tachycardia * Hypertension * Seizure
71
Opioid Toxidrome Sings and symptoms
CPR 3H * Coma * pinpoint pupils * Resp Depression * Hypotension * Hypothermia * Hyporeflexia

Paramedicine (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions