2. Pharmacology Other

Question 1

Describe Pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

What do drugs do to the body and how they do it

Question 2

Describe pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

What the body does to the drug. How a drug is altered as it travels through the body. 
Absorption
Distribution 
Metabolism 
Excretion

Question 3

Explane phase Zero of the cardiac action potential

Answer 3

Fast sodium channels open and a rapid influx of Na enters the cell causing the cell to become less negative.
This is known as the upstroke

Question 4

Explane phase one of the cardiac action potential cycle

Answer 4

Early repolarization phase:

Fast sodium channel gates close reducing the amount of Na+ that can enter. Cl- - enters the cell while K+ leaves making the cell more negatvie.

Question 5

Explain phase Two of the cardiac action potential cycle

Answer 5

Both sodium and potassium enter and leave the cell at the same rate leaving the rate leaving the cell at the same electrical charge.
This is known as the plateau stage.

Question 6

Explane phase three of the cardiac action potential cycle

Answer 6

Final rapid repolarization phase:

Potassium rapidly leaves the cell, leading the cell become more negativly charged and bringing the cell down to its resting membrane potential

Question 7

What are the 4 phases of haemostasis

Answer 7

1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelett aggregation (Platelets clump together)
3. Coagulation (clot starts to stabilise/scab)
4. Dissolution (scab falls off/broken down)

Question 8

Explain the pain pathway

Answer 8

1. A nociceptor is stimulated by a noxious stimuli and sends an action potential down the first order neuon to the CNS
2. Continues the action potential from the spinal column to the thalamus via the second order neuron also known as the spinothaamic tract.
3. Action potential gets sent from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex to define location of pain, through the 3rd order neurons or Thalamocortical tract

Question 9

compare two different nociceptor

Answer 9

A-delta fibres are myelinated transmits fast sharp pain. Mechanical detects sharp pricking pain.
Thermal receptors detects pain which is slow, burning or cold and sharp in nature

C Fibres are non myelin. Speed is slow.
Polycodal rececptors detects dull, deep and throbbing pain.

Question 10

Describe phase one (Vasoconstriction) of haemostasis

Answer 10

Damage to endothelial cells decrease levels of Nitric oxide leading to vasoconstriction. Endothelial cells realease TxA2 nad ADP leading to next phase.

Question 11

Describe platelet aggregation

Answer 11

platelets bind to von willibrand factor within damage tissue, binding platelets realease of medeators including TxA2 and ADP incrasing platelet aggregation.

Question 12

Pathophys of psychosis

Answer 12

-overactivity of dopamine.

postive symptoms
1. Hallucinations
2. delusions
3. hearing voices
4. Paranoia

Question 13

What is Starling law?

Answer 13

> The heart is filled with fluid, ventricles fill up and expand
then allows the heart to contract harder
heart fills up and expands, then contracts harder