3.2.3 - Transport across cell membranes Flashcards
Topic 2
Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure
● Molecules free to move laterally in phospholipid bilayer - fluid
● Many components - phospholipids, proteins,
glycoproteins and glycolipids - moasic
Describe the arrangement of the components of a cell membrane
- Phospholipids form a bilayer - fatty acid tails face inwards, phosphate heads face outwards
- Proteins
○ Intrinsic / integral proteins span bilayer eg. channel and carrier proteins
○ Extrinsic / peripheral proteins on surface of membrane - Glycolipids (lipids with polysaccharide chains attached) found on exterior surface
- Glycoproteins (proteins with polysaccharide chains attached) found on exterior surface
- Cholesterol (sometimes present) bonds to phospholipid hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Explain the arrangement of phospholipids in a cell membrane
- Form a phospholipid bilayer, with water present on either side
- Hydrophobic fatty acid tails repelled from water so point away from water / to interior
- Hydrophilic phosphate heads attracted to water so point to water
Explain the role of cholesterol (sometimes present) in cell membranes
● Restricts movement of other molecules making up membrane
● So decreases fluidity (and permeability) / increases rigidity of cell surface membrane
Explain why cholesterol regulating the fluidity of the cell surface membrane is useful when temperatures become low or high
- Cholesterol regulates the fluidity of the cell surface membrane
- When temperatures are low,
> Cholesterol molecules sit in between the phospholipids, preventing them from packing too closely together
> this prevents membranes from freezing and fracturing. - When temperatures are high
> Interaction between cholesterol and phospholipid tails stabilises the cell membrane at higher temperatures by stopping the membrane from becoming too fluid
> Cholesterol molecules bind to the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids, stabilising them and causing phospholipids to pack more closely together
Suggest how cell membranes are adapted for other functions
● Phospholipid bilayer is fluid → membrane can bend for vesicle formation / phagocytosis
● Glycoproteins / glycolipids act as receptors / antigens → involved in cell signalling / recognition
Describe how movement across membranes occurs by simple diffusion
● Lipid-soluble (non-polar) or very small substances eg. O2, steroid hormones
● Move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower conc., down a conc. gradient
● Across phospholipid bilayer
● This process is Passive - doesn’t require energy from ATP / respiration (only kinetic energy of substances)
Explain the limitations imposed by the nature of the phospholipid bilayer
● Restricts movement of water soluble (polar) & larger substances eg. Na
+/ glucose
> Due to hydrophobic fatty acid tails in the interior of bilayer
Describe how movement across membranes occurs by facilitated diffusion
● Water-soluble / polar / charged (or slightly larger) substances eg. glucose, amino acids
● Move down a concentration gradient
● Through specific channel / carrier proteins
● This process is passive - doesn’t require energy from ATP / respiration (only kinetic energy of substances)
Explain the role of carrier and channel proteins in facilitated diffusion
● Shape / charge of protein determines which substances move across
● Channel proteins facilitate diffusion of water-soluble substances
○ Hydrophilic pore filled with water
○ May be gated - can open / close
● Carrier proteins facilitate diffusion of (slightly larger) substances
○ Complementary substance attaches to binding site
○ Protein changes shape to transport substance
Describe how movement across membranes occurs by osmosis
● Water diffuses / moves
● From an area of high to low water potential (ψ) / down a water potential gradient
● Through a partially permeable membrane
● This process is passive - doesn’t require energy from ATP / respiration (only kinetic energy of substances)
Water potential
Water potential is a measure of how likely water molecules are to move out of a solution - pure (distilled) water
has the maximum possible ψ (0 kPA), increasing solute concentration decreases ψ
Describe how movement across membranes occurs by active transport
● Substances move from area of lower to higher concentration / against a concentration gradient
● Requiring:
> energy which is released by the hydrolysis of ATP
> specific carrier proteins
Describe the role of carrier proteins and the importance of the hydrolysis of
ATP in active transport
- Complementary substance binds to specific carrier protein
- ATP binds, and is hydrolysed into ADP + Pi, releasing energy
- Carrier protein changes shape, releasing substance on side
of higher concentration (molecule/substance has moved against concentration gradient) - Pi released → carrier protein returns to original shape
Describe how movement across membranes occurs by co-transport
● Two different substances bind to and move simultaneously via a
co-transporter protein (type of carrier protein)
● Movement of one substance against its concentration gradient is often
coupled with the movement of another down its concentration gradient
- Describe an example that illustrates co-transport
> Absorption of sodium ions and glucose (or amino acids) by cells lining the mammalian ileum:
1 ● Na+ is actively transported from
epithelial cells to blood (by
Na+/K
+ pump)
● Establishing a conc. gradient
of Na+ (higher in lumen than epithelial cell)
2 ● Na+ enters epithelial cell down
its concentration gradient with glucose against its
concentration gradient
● Via a co-transporter protein
3 ● Glucose moves down a conc.gradient into blood via
facilitated diffusion
> The movement of sodium can be considered indirect / secondary active transport, as it is reliant on a concentration gradient established by active transport
Describe how surface area, number of channel or carrier proteins and
differences in gradients of concentration or water potential affect the rate of movement across cell membranes
● Increasing surface area of membrane increases rate of movement
● Increasing number of channel / carrier proteins increases rate of facilitated diffusion / active transport
● Increasing concentration gradient increases rate of simple diffusion
● Increasing concentration gradient increases rate of facilitated diffusion
○ Until number of channel / carrier proteins becomes a limiting factor as all in use / saturated
● Increasing water potential gradient increases rate of osmosis
Explain the adaptations of some specialised cells in relation to the rate of
transport across their internal and external membranes
● Cell membrane folded (eg. microvilli in ileum → increase in surface area)
● More protein channels / carrier proteins → for facilitated diffusion (or active transport - carrier proteins only)
● Large number of mitochondria → make more ATP by aerobic respiration for active transport
Microvilli
Microvilli are extensions of the cell membrane of some cells that are highly folded to increase surface area.
