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AQA A Level Geography - HUMAN > ✅3.2.2.2 - Changing Places – Relationships, Connections, Meaning and Representation > Flashcards

✅3.2.2.2 - Changing Places – Relationships, Connections, Meaning and Representation Flashcards

1
Q

All places are…

A

…dynamic, not static, and socially constructed

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2
Q

What do socially constructed links show?

A

How places function socially

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3
Q

What are some forces of change?

A 
National government
International institutions
Global institutions 
National institutions
Local governments
Individuals
TNCs
Local community groups
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4
Q

What is an example of a national institution?

A

The National Trust

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5
Q

What are some examples of individual forces of change?

A

Activists
Aristocrats
Celebrities

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6
Q

What is an example of local community group forces of change?

A

The New Era Estate residents

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7
Q

What happened in Scunthorpe in 2015?

A

A steel march against closures and job losses

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8
Q

How many jobs were to be axed at Tata steel in Scunthorpe?

A

900, along with a further 270 in Scotland

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9
Q

What caused the Tata steel redundancies?

A

The flooding of cut price Chinese steel onto the world’s markets as well as high energy prices

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10
Q

How many steel jobs were at risk across the UK?

A

4000

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11
Q

For how long had steel been the major industry in Scunthorpe?

A

125 years

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12
Q

How did the public make their support clear for the steel industry?

A

Marches up the high street

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13
Q

How did the Scunthorpe steelworks protect the town in World War 2?

A

The smoke from the steelworks masked the town from German planes and saved it from the bombing

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14
Q

Which organisation had the power to change the outcome?

A

The national government

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15
Q

How should places be studied in context?

A

How past and present connections have shaped them and embedded them in regional, national and international contexts

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16
Q

What is palimpsest?

A

Places being made up of a series of layers

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17
Q

What is Trafalgar Square?

A

A palimpsest on a small scale

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18
Q

What is meaning?

A

Relates to individual or collective perceptions of a place

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19
Q

What is representation?

A

Any mans of communication by which people tell each other about a place

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20
Q

What is identity?

A

An assemblage of personal characteristics such as gender, sexuality, race and religion

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21
Q

3 different scale of identity of place

A

Localism: emotional ownership of a place, can encourage NIMBYism

Regionalism: consciousness of an loyalty to a region, w/ a population that shares similarities

Nationalism: loyalty to a nation, patriotism is a sense of place like this

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22
Q

What is NIMBYism

A

Not in my backyard - ism

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23
Q

What is an example of Regionalism?

A

Mebyn Kernow Party in Cornwall
Wanted to remove Cornwall from England

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24
Q

What is belonging?

A

A sense of being part of a collective identity

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25
What is ownership?
The feeling of being in possession of a set of values or a particular identity
26
What is wellbeing?
The positive outcome of a shared identity and a sense of belonging
27
What developments have occurred in Salford Quays over the last 2 decades?
One of the largest regeneration rejects in the UK around Media City and surrounding areas.
28
What are the key players in the Salford Quays regeneration?
``` Mersey Basin Campaign United Utilities Environment Agency Local authorities Property development firms Northwest development agency RSPB ```
29
What is the role of the Mersey Basin Campaign in the Salford Quays regeneration?
Co-Diane’s the individual efforts of local authorities, private investors and voluntary organisations as they act to improve water quality
30
What is the role of United Utilities in Salford Quays Regeneration?
They manage and operate commercial and household water and wastewater supplies in the Northwest. Legal obligations to make improvements in line with national and EU legislation
31
What is the role of the environment Agency in Salford Quays regeneration?
Protecting and improving the environment, has legal powers needed to stop pollution of local waterways. Ensures EU quality standards are met.
32
What is the role of Local Authorities?
Have limited direct responsibility for waterways but have power to make it easer for other agencies to deal wit polluted water
33
What is the role of the RSPB in Salford Quays redevelopment?
Has over 1 million members and can play a key role in getting local people to support review restoration work that improves habitats for birds and animals
34
What are different types of representation?
Formal Informal Abstract
35
Features of formal representations
More objective, based on facts rather than feelings Includes statistics, geospatial data Like OS maps which aim to be objective but leave out much detail
36
Features of informal representations
Doesn't necessarily show what actually exists Can be creative- like graffiti, TV Can be selective- like China's 1 child policy being covered up for the 2008 Beijing Olympics
37
Features of abstract representations
Leaves out much detail but conveys what is means to only using key detail e.g London tube map (not accurate but is successful in showing relationship between places and stops)
38
What is provenance?
The place of origin or earliest known history of something
39
What is geospatial data?
Data this has a spatial/geographic component, meaning it can be mapped, may have explicit geographical positioning 90% of data collected over last decade is geospatial
40
What is geolocated data?
The identification or estimation off the real world geographic location of an object
41
Why does ethnic clustering occur in places?
Familiarity for outsiders; sense of place provided Easier to integrate into new community with shared culture Schelling's theory of ethnic segregation
42
What is Schelling's theory of ethnic segregation
That when living somewhere: If more 'friends' in an area than someone's tolerance threshold for outsiders, someone will likely stay there and become an insider If fewer 'friends' than tolerance threshold, someone will likely move
43
Describe the Burgess Model
CBD- origin of city, historic Inner city- factories, terraced housing Suburbs- bigger houses, historically where factory owners lived Rural-urban fringe- agriculture, clear space, less demand Can use to link economic development and sense of place
44
Is globalisation making place more or less important? Doreen Massey
Massey argues it leads to endless specificities, contributing to 'accumulated history of a place' Places being shaped rather than eroded- palimpsest (altered but keeps traces of its earlier form) Creates a thrown togetherness from shared sense of place from meeting trajectories
45
What is museumification
transformation of a cultural and national heritage into museum objects to maximise their preservation and value, for promotion
46
Pros of museumification
attracts tourists highlights uniqueness preserves history
47
Cons of museumification
false representation - history displayed to appeal rather than be accurate listed buildings - demand & cost of maintenance gives dependency on tourism industry Locals lose sense of belonging
48
What are example of placeless places
Disney world Airports Service stations occur when globalisation forces overpower local factors
49
What is a clone town?
Urban retail areas dominated by chain shops In clone towns there will be little unique character & independent shops Reading is high on on the clone town scale
50
How did Totnes try to fight being a clone town
Totnes, in Devon, stopped Costa from opening there in 2012 to maintain its independent identity
51
How does industrialisation affect rural and urban areas
Young workers leave for urban areas with more stable income, leaves behind elderly population, rural decline
52
What is suburbanisation
Wealthy factory owners moved out of CBD to suburbs Inner city population decreases: e.g London fell 25% in population from 1850 to 1900
53
What is counter-urbanisation? What does it lead to & why does it happen
People move back to countryside Due to better technology- can work from countryside more Leaves some cities derelict- Broke Window Theory
54
What is broken window theory
Theory that if an area doesn't look nice it will not be well kept and thus decline further
55
How are rural areas affected by counter-urbanisation
Addition of placeless housing Cultural difference between insiders and outsiders, like views on hunting, can create conflict Loss of sense of place
56
How urban areas are impacted by regeneration or gentrification
Cricket Field Road, Hackney, London Prices increased 319% after regeneration
57
Order of urban decline
economic decline -> population & social decline -> physical environment decline also political disengagement, especially among young people
58
3 agents of change in rebranding
government corporate bodies communities./ local groups
59
Why do governments re brand
To attract investment to improve an area
60
How was government rebranding used in Stratford
Olympic park built for 2012 Olympics Stratford used to have least sporty child population Now tourism to athlete tower, more investment into sports facilities, population more sporty
61
Who does community led rebranding work
Bottom up approach Usually to improve neighbourhoods and community communities plan and design projects to meet local needs
62
How was community led rebranding used in London, coin street
In 1970s, locals campaigned for better redevelopment in Coin Street Eventually it was purchased and redeveloped into a thriving town, with the support of the city council
63
Who does corporate led rebranding work
Working with public bodies to run place making projects
64
How was corporate led rebranding used in Silican Roundabout
in Silican Roundabout, Hackney Private sector web-based companies attracted to it for its low rent Attracted gov support through rebranding of the area as a Tech City in 2010 Now 3rd largest tech start up location globally
65
What is facadism Where has it been used
It is to try to make somethign seem as it is not Used in Stratford Upon Avon (new houses built with Tudor Style fronts, like with beams)
66
Why rebrand
to encourage investment to break from controversy control behaviour
67
What is an example of rebranding after controversy
Sellafield Nuclear Plant rebranded to Windscale after nuclear spillage
68
What is the idea of a global village
idea world has become smaller, not physically, but due to greater interconnectedness - space-time compression Some negatives from this: Local citizens may feel unrepresented by supra-national governing bodies like EU Intelligent young workers leave their own countries to more developed ones (brain drain for poorer countries) Remote Amazonian tribes wiped out by diseases from outsiders

AQA A Level Geography - HUMAN (27 decks)

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