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AQA A Level Geography - HUMAN > ✅3.2.2.2 - Changing Places – Relationships, Connections, Meaning and Representation > Flashcards

✅3.2.2.2 - Changing Places – Relationships, Connections, Meaning and Representation Flashcards

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1
Q

All places are…

A

…dynamic, not static, and socially constructed

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2
Q

What do socially constructed links show?

A

How places function socially

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3
Q

What are some forces of change?

A 
National government
International institutions
Global institutions 
National institutions
Local governments
Individuals
TNCs
Local community groups
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4
Q

What is an example of a national institution?

A

The National Trust

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5
Q

What are some examples of individual forces of change?

A

Activists
Aristocrats
Celebrities

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6
Q

What is an example of local community group forces of change?

A

The New Era Estate residents

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7
Q

What happened in Scunthorpe in 2015?

A

A steel march against closures and job losses

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8
Q

How many jobs were to be axed at Tata steel in Scunthorpe?

A

900, along with a further 270 in Scotland

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9
Q

What caused the Tata steel redundancies?

A

The flooding of cut price Chinese steel onto the world’s markets as well as high energy prices

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10
Q

How many steel jobs were at risk across the UK?

A

4000

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11
Q

For how long had steel been the major industry in Scunthorpe?

A

125 years

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12
Q

How did the public make their support clear for the steel industry?

A

Marches up the high street

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13
Q

How did the Scunthorpe steelworks protect the town in World War 2?

A

The smoke from the steelworks masked the town from German planes and saved it from the bombing

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14
Q

Which organisation had the power to change the outcome?

A

The national government

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15
Q

How should places be studied in context?

A

How past and present connections have shaped them and embedded them in regional, national and international contexts

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16
Q

What is palimpsest?

A

Places being made up of a series of layers

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17
Q

What is Trafalgar Square?

A

A palimpsest on a small scale

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18
Q

What is meaning?

A

Relates to individual or collective perceptions of a place

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19
Q

What is representation?

A

Any mans of communication by which people tell each other about a place

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20
Q

What is identity?

A

An assemblage of personal characteristics such as gender, sexuality, race and religion

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21
Q

3 different scale of identity of place

A

Localism: emotional ownership of a place, can encourage NIMBYism

Regionalism: consciousness of an loyalty to a region, w/ a population that shares similarities

Nationalism: loyalty to a nation, patriotism is a sense of place like this

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22
Q

What is NIMBYism

A

Not in my backyard - ism

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23
Q

What is an example of Regionalism?

A

Mebyn Kernow Party in Cornwall
Wanted to remove Cornwall from England

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24
Q

What is belonging?

A

A sense of being part of a collective identity

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25
Q

What is ownership?

A

The feeling of being in possession of a set of values or a particular identity

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26
Q

What is wellbeing?

A

The positive outcome of a shared identity and a sense of belonging

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27
Q

What developments have occurred in Salford Quays over the last 2 decades?

A

One of the largest regeneration rejects in the UK around Media City and surrounding areas.

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28
Q

What are the key players in the Salford Quays regeneration?

A 
Mersey Basin Campaign
United Utilities
Environment Agency
Local authorities
Property development firms
Northwest development agency
RSPB
29
Q

What is the role of the Mersey Basin Campaign in the Salford Quays regeneration?

A

Co-Diane’s the individual efforts of local authorities, private investors and voluntary organisations as they act to improve water quality

30
Q

What is the role of United Utilities in Salford Quays Regeneration?

A

They manage and operate commercial and household water and wastewater supplies in the Northwest. Legal obligations to make improvements in line with national and EU legislation

31
Q

What is the role of the environment Agency in Salford Quays regeneration?

A

Protecting and improving the environment, has legal powers needed to stop pollution of local waterways. Ensures EU quality standards are met.

32
Q

What is the role of Local Authorities?

A

Have limited direct responsibility for waterways but have power to make it easer for other agencies to deal wit polluted water

33
Q

What is the role of the RSPB in Salford Quays redevelopment?

A

Has over 1 million members and can play a key role in getting local people to support review restoration work that improves habitats for birds and animals

34
Q

What are different types of representation?

A

Formal
Informal
Abstract

35
Q

Features of formal representations

A

More objective, based on facts rather than feelings

Includes statistics, geospatial data

Like OS maps which aim to be objective but leave out much detail

36
Q

Features of informal representations

A

Doesn’t necessarily show what actually exists
Can be creative- like graffiti, TV
Can be selective- like China’s 1 child policy being covered up for the 2008 Beijing Olympics

37
Q

Features of abstract representations

A

Leaves out much detail but conveys what is means to only using key detail

e.g London tube map (not accurate but is successful in showing relationship between places and stops)

38
Q

What is provenance?

A

The place of origin or earliest known history of something

39
Q

What is geospatial data?

A

Data this has a spatial/geographic component, meaning it can be mapped, may have explicit geographical positioning
90% of data collected over last decade is geospatial

40
Q

What is geolocated data?

A

The identification or estimation off the real world geographic location of an object

41
Q

Why does ethnic clustering occur in places?

A

Familiarity for outsiders; sense of place provided
Easier to integrate into new community with shared culture
Schelling’s theory of ethnic segregation

42
Q

What is Schelling’s theory of ethnic segregation

A

That when living somewhere:

If more ‘friends’ in an area than someone’s tolerance threshold for outsiders, someone will likely stay there and become an insider

If fewer ‘friends’ than tolerance threshold, someone will likely move

43
Q

Describe the Burgess Model

A

CBD- origin of city, historic
Inner city- factories, terraced housing
Suburbs- bigger houses, historically where factory owners lived
Rural-urban fringe- agriculture, clear space, less demand

Can use to link economic development and sense of place

44
Q

Is globalisation making place more or less important?
Doreen Massey

A

Massey argues it leads to endless specificities, contributing to ‘accumulated history of a place’
Places being shaped rather than eroded- palimpsest (altered but keeps traces of its earlier form)

Creates a thrown togetherness from shared sense of place from meeting trajectories

45
Q

What is museumification

A

transformation of a cultural and national heritage into museum objects to maximise their preservation and value, for promotion

46
Q

Pros of museumification

A

attracts tourists
highlights uniqueness
preserves history

47
Q

Cons of museumification

A

false representation - history displayed to appeal rather than be accurate
listed buildings - demand & cost of maintenance
gives dependency on tourism industry
Locals lose sense of belonging

48
Q

What are example of placeless places

A

Disney world
Airports
Service stations

occur when globalisation forces overpower local factors

49
Q

What is a clone town?

A

Urban retail areas dominated by chain shops
In clone towns there will be little unique character & independent shops
Reading is high on on the clone town scale

50
Q

How did Totnes try to fight being a clone town

A

Totnes, in Devon, stopped Costa from opening there in 2012 to maintain its independent identity

51
Q

How does industrialisation affect rural and urban areas

A

Young workers leave for urban areas with more stable income, leaves behind elderly population, rural decline

52
Q

What is suburbanisation

A

Wealthy factory owners moved out of CBD to suburbs
Inner city population decreases: e.g London fell 25% in population from 1850 to 1900

53
Q

What is counter-urbanisation? What does it lead to & why does it happen

A

People move back to countryside
Due to better technology- can work from countryside more
Leaves some cities derelict- Broke Window Theory

54
Q

What is broken window theory

A

Theory that if an area doesn’t look nice it will not be well kept and thus decline further

55
Q

How are rural areas affected by counter-urbanisation

A

Addition of placeless housing
Cultural difference between insiders and outsiders, like views on hunting, can create conflict
Loss of sense of place

56
Q

How urban areas are impacted by regeneration or gentrification

A

Cricket Field Road, Hackney, London
Prices increased 319% after regeneration

57
Q

Order of urban decline

A

economic decline -> population & social decline -> physical environment decline

also political disengagement, especially among young people

58
Q

3 agents of change in rebranding

A

government

corporate bodies

communities./ local groups

59
Q

Why do governments re brand

A

To attract investment to improve an area

60
Q

How was government rebranding used in Stratford

A

Olympic park built for 2012 Olympics
Stratford used to have least sporty child population

Now tourism to athlete tower, more investment into sports facilities, population more sporty

61
Q

Who does community led rebranding work

A

Bottom up approach

Usually to improve neighbourhoods and community

communities plan and design projects to meet local needs

62
Q

How was community led rebranding used in London, coin street

A

In 1970s, locals campaigned for better redevelopment in Coin Street
Eventually it was purchased and redeveloped into a thriving town, with the support of the city council

63
Q

Who does corporate led rebranding work

A

Working with public bodies to run place making projects

64
Q

How was corporate led rebranding used in Silican Roundabout

A

in Silican Roundabout, Hackney
Private sector web-based companies attracted to it for its low rent
Attracted gov support through rebranding of the area as a Tech City in 2010
Now 3rd largest tech start up location globally

65
Q

What is facadism
Where has it been used

A

It is to try to make somethign seem as it is not
Used in Stratford Upon Avon (new houses built with Tudor Style fronts, like with beams)

66
Q

Why rebrand

A

to encourage investment
to break from controversy
control behaviour

67
Q

What is an example of rebranding after controversy

A

Sellafield Nuclear Plant rebranded to Windscale after nuclear spillage

68
Q

What is the idea of a global village

A

idea world has become smaller, not physically, but due to greater interconnectedness - space-time compression
Some negatives from this:
Local citizens may feel unrepresented by supra-national governing bodies like EU
Intelligent young workers leave their own countries to more developed ones (brain drain for poorer countries)
Remote Amazonian tribes wiped out by diseases from outsiders

AQA A Level Geography - HUMAN (27 decks)

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