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biology page by page > 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells > Flashcards

3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What does mitosis produce

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What do the daughter cells contain

A

An exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell

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3
Q

Why is mitosis needed

A

For the growth of multicellular organisms and for repairing damaged tissues

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4
Q

What is a cell cycle

A

The cycle of cell growth and DNA replication followed by mitosis

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5
Q

What happens during interphase

A

The cell carries out normal functions and prepares to divide DNA is unravelled and replicated organelles are replicated and ATP content is increased

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6
Q

What happens in prophase

A

The chromosomes condense getting shorter and fatter centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and form the spindle fibres
nuclear envelope breaks down

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7
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

The chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell and become attached to the spindle by their centromere

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8
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

The centromeres divide separating each pair of sister chromatids spindles contract pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

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9
Q

What happens in telophase

A

The chromatids reach opposite poles on the spindle they uncoil and become long and thin a nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes

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10
Q

What is the function of the G1 checkpoint

A

Cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made

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11
Q

What is the function of the G2 checkpoint

A

Cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made.

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12
Q

What happens when mitosis goes out of control

A

A tumour can form when cells divide uncontrollably

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13
Q

What is mitosis needed for

A

The growth of multicellular organisms and for repairing damaged tissues

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14
Q

What is the cell cycle made up of

A

Cell growth and DNA replication followed by mitosis

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15
Q

What happens in synthesis phase

A

DNA is replicated ready to divide by mitosis

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16
Q

What happens in Gap phase 1

A

The cell keeps growing and preparing for division

17
Q

What happens in Gap phase 2

A

The cell grows more and makes new proteins and organelles

18
Q

What is cancer

A

The result of uncontrolled cell division

19
Q

How is cancer caused

A

By uncontrolled cell division leading to a tumour

20
Q

What are cancer treatments designed to do

A

Target the cell cycle to stop cancer cells from dividing

21
Q

What is a type of cancer treatment that targets G1 checkpoint

A

Drugs that prevent synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication
e.g chemotherapy

22
Q

What is a type of cancer treatment that targets S phase

A

Drugs that prevent DNA replication by damaging DNA

e.g radiation

23
Q

What happens when DNA damage is detected

A

The cell will kill itself to prevent further tumour growth What is the purpose of mitosis

24
Q

What is the first stage of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

25
Q

What happens during interphase

A

DNA is unravelled and replicated the cell prepares to divide, ATP content increases, organelles are replicated

26
Q

What happens during prophase

A

The chromosomes condense and get shorter and fatter the nuclear envelope breaks down

27
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

The chromosomes align in the middle of the cell attached to spindle fibres by they’re centromere

28
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

The centromeres divide the chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

29
Q

What happens during telophase

A

The chromatids reach the poles the nuclear envelope reforms around the two sets of chromosomes

30
Q

What is the structure formed by centrioles before metaphase

A

Spindle

31
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm divides and the cell membrane forms two daughter cells

32
Q

What is a tumour

A

An abnormal growth of cells

33
Q

What is the result of uncontrolled cell division

A

Formation of a tumour

34
Q

How do some cancer treatments work

A

By targeting the cell cycle to stop cancer cells from dividing

35
Q

What happens when the cell detects severe DNA damage

A

It will kill itself to prevent tumour growth

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