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3.2.1.1 Structure of eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

A single cell with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

What are eukaryotic cells made up of?

A

Complex cells that include a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

What are the main features of eukaryotic cells?

A

They are complex include all animal and plant cells as well as cells in algae and fungi

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6
Q

How are prokaryotic cells described?

A

Smaller and simpler e.g. bacteria

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7
Q

What type of microscope is needed to see organelles in detail?

A

An electron microscope

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8
Q

What do organelles form?

A

Organelles are parts of cells each with a specific function

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9
Q

What surrounds most organelles?

A

Membranes

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10
Q

What are the key organelles found in animal cells?

A

Plasma membrane nucleus ribosomes rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes and mitochondria

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11
Q

What are the key organelles found in plant cells?

A

All organelles in animal cells plus chloroplasts vacuole cell wall and plasmodesmata

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12
Q

What additional organelles do plant cells have?

A

Cellulose cell wall chloroplasts vacuole and plasmodesmata

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13
Q

What do fungal cells lack compared to plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts

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14
Q

What are fungal cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

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15
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus that contains many pores

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16
Q

What is the function of nuclear pores?

A

Allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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17
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A structure within the nucleus that makes ribosomes

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18
Q

What are cristae in mitochondria?

A

Folds of the inner membrane that increase surface area

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19
Q

What is the matrix in mitochondria?

A

The space inside the inner membrane containing enzymes for respiration

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20
Q

Chloroplast double membranes or not?

A

It is surrounded by a double membrane

21
Q

What are thylakoid membranes?

A

Membranes found inside chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place

22
Q

What are grana in chloroplasts?

A

Stacks of thylakoid membranes linked together by lamellae

23
Q

What is the stroma in chloroplasts?

A

A thick fluid found in chloroplasts that surrounds the grana

24
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small fluid-filled sacs produced by the Golgi apparatus

25
Q

What do vesicles do?

A

Transport lipids and proteins out of the cell

26
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) look like?

A

A system of membranes covered with ribosomes

27
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) look like?

A

A system of membranes without ribosomes

28
Q

How are cells specialised?

A

They vary in structure and organelles to carry out specific functions

29
Q

What are cilia?

A

Small hair-like structures found on the surface of some cells

30
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Move substances along the cell surface

31
Q

What are the key adaptations of epithelial cells in the small intestine?

A

They have microvilli to increase surface area and lots of mitochondria to provide energy for active transport

32
Q

What makes up tissues?

A

Groups of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function

33
Q

What makes up organs?

A

Groups of tissues working together to perform a function

34
Q

What makes up organ systems?

A

Groups of organs working together to perform a function

35
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

The site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

36
Q

What is the plural of nucleus?

A

Nuclei

37
Q

What are lysosomes also involved in besides digestion?

A

Breaking down worn-out cell components

38
Q

What is the function of thylakoid membranes?

A

They are the site of photosynthesis in chloroplasts

39
Q

What is the function of lamellae in chloroplasts?

A

They link grana together to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis

40
Q

What happens in the stroma of chloroplasts?

A

Some parts of photosynthesis occur here

41
Q

What is the function of the tonoplast in vacuoles?

A

Surrounds the vacuole and helps regulate the contents

42
Q

What do epithelial tissues in the digestive system consist of?

A

Epithelial tissue muscular tissue and glandular tissue

43
Q

What is the role of muscular tissue in the digestive system?

A

Moves food along the digestive tract

44
Q

What is the role of glandular tissue in the digestive system?

A

Secretes chemicals such as enzymes and hormones

45
Q

What makes the cell vacuole weakly concentrated?

A

It contains a solution of sugar and salts

46
Q

What happens if the vacuole loses pressure?

A

The cell wilts

47
Q

What two main features help cells exchange substances with other cells?

A

Plasmodesmata and microvilli

48
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins

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