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Human geography- global systems and governance > 3.2.1.2 Global systems > Flashcards

3.2.1.2 Global systems Flashcards

1
Q

what can you say about interdependency?

A
  • what happens in one place has impacts on another place
    e.g. remittances may be reduced if natural disaster occurs in a host country impacting ppl in source countries relying on financial flows
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2
Q

interdependency- political

A

Political
- international political issues= countries need to work together to solve them e.g. United Nations (promote stability etc)
- countries rely on each other to intervene if political unrest e.g. countries supporting Ukraine, NATO (military alliance)
- environmental protection, human rights etc= require collective action

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3
Q

interdependency- social

A
  • dispara all over world
  • media (film etc) + leisure activities= consumed around world rather than just country of origin
    e.g. UK + USA buy programmes from each other + work together to create media content
  • changes in medical knowledge + technological advances
  • countries share educational resources e.g. University collabs—> students take knowledge home —> world bank proves education in LICs
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4
Q

interdependency- economic

A
  • countries dependent on flows of labour, products, services entering country for economy to grow e.g. UK depend on migrant workers in BHS
  • rely on global trade
  • containerisation= efficient international trade
  • internet= access to customers worldwide
  • tourism stimulates economies
  • off-shoring= investment flows
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5
Q

interdependency- environmental

A
  • all countries rely on each other to protect environment/ prevent climate change —> Paris agreement on climate change e.g. COP28 etc
  • 60 countries agreed to ban/lessen plastic packaging
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6
Q

what can interdependence lead to?

A

Development
Stability
Growth

OR

Inequalities
Conflict
Injustices

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7
Q

what is development, stability + growth

A

development
increase in standard of living + the quality of life of humans
Stability
not being ‘in conflict’, being able to function politically, socially + economically
growth
- social, economic ,environmental + political improvements.
Often measured in GDP, trade, FDI etc

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8
Q

what is inequalities, conflict + injustices

A

inequalities
idea people experience different standards of living —> can be economically (diff. levels of wealth + income), politically (diff. rights + freedom), socially (diff levels of healthcare + education)
conflict
state of disagreement caused by perceived or actual opposition greeds, values + interests between people —> e.g. way in which resources are developed, use of Amazon rainforest etc
injustices
- acts of unfairness to another or violation of human rights- undeserved hurts e.g. workers in LICs TNCs not getting breaks

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9
Q

inequalities between countries examples

A
  • globalisation- reducing global inequality through transfer of capital + income (rich to poor countries)
    BUT some very poor countries lag behind r.g. Burkina Faso
  • fastest growing economies= Asia + Sub-Saharan Africa —> Africa showing advances in growth but still has many poor countries
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10
Q

inequalities within countries

A
  • inequality = worsened in some rich countries (Britain + Canada)
  • reducing in china + sub-saharan africa (less gap between rich + poor)
  • most countries see increase poverty gap
  • richest in society cope with changes + needs in skills + tech= can cope in new job market
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11
Q

unequal flows of people- positive impacts

A
  • main flow= from developing countries to HDEs
  • reduced unemployment in LDE as people can move to work anywhere
  • people can fill skill + labour shortages
  • remittances help LICs develop
  • migrants pay tax + spend money —> normally young ppl= less pressure on healthcare etc
  • workers can return home with new skills + benefit their countries
  • LICs reduce population pressure on resources etc
  • refugees= safety from conflict etc
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12
Q

unequal flows of people negative impacts

A
  • LICs loss younger, talented workers= brain drain
  • too much dependence on remittances
  • loss of workers = impacts economic growth
  • racism in HICs for immigrants
  • families get separated
  • segregation may occur in HIC cities
  • resentment + fear against migrants
  • migrants can spread disease
  • exploitation of migrant workers e.g. construction workers in Qatar
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13
Q

unequal flows of ideas + tech positive impacts

A
  • TNCs can grow = benefits HICs where they’re based (privatisation)
  • dismantling state ownership= benefits customers in LICs (prices fall)
  • deregulation= encourage enterprise in all countries
  • free trade= markets can develop + thrive + LICs= more attractive to FDI
  • multi-culturalism= LICs integrate well unto global economy
  • better education (online learning platforms etc) healthcare + cleaner energy
  • economic growth with development (due to job creation)
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14
Q

unequal flows of ideas + tech negative impacts

A
  • poor wages in LICs
  • loss of jobs in HICs = downward multiplier effect + deindustrialisation
  • structural unemployment (skilled workers in HICs lose jobs)
  • privatisation= can lead to loss of funds for government + can inhibit growth
  • deregulation can lead to environment degradation
  • free trade= can damage LIC economies as they can’t compete with TNCs
  • multi-culturalism= can dilute culture + threaten identity
  • weapons can increase conflict
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15
Q

unequal flows of capital positive impacts

A
  • FDI, aid remittances= economic growth
  • more job app + better infrastructure= better quality of life
  • lower production costs= cheaper goods + more profits for TNCs
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16
Q

unequal flows of capital negative impacts

A
  • local businesses can’t compete easily with TNCs
  • outsourcing= deinstitutionalisation + unemployment in HDEs
  • environmental degradation + exploitation of workers
17
Q

unequal flows- social examples

A
  • businesses Kenya= thriving from smartphones
  • indian call centres= better living standards to workers
  • worker exploitation- India, Vietnam
  • unequal pay between man and woman
  • brain drain- Indian, Polish doctors moving to UK, remittances may only be short-term
18
Q

unequal flows- political examples

A
  • world bank + IMF lend to countries
    —> world bank lent US $1bn to Laos to build a dam that generates HEP —> now Laos easels US$2bn annually by selling electricity to Thailand
19
Q

unequal flows- economic examples

A
  • remittances
  • Qatar + Singapore rely on migrant workers for prosperity
  • asia-pacific has many head offices e.g. Singapore
  • asian economies gaining FDI from America + Europe
  • 500 mill escaped poverty in China
  • apple has headquarters in California= paid US $6bn to US government
  • increasing TNCS in LICs e.g. China= home to Huawei
20
Q

unequal flows- environmental examples

A
  • according to world health organisation- pollution= reduce life by 5 years
  • Ghana = dangerous work of breaking down old European computers = large amounts of waste discarded
21
Q

unequal power relations

A

‘The Bretton Woods Institutions’ —> set up after WW2 to restabilise world economy —> promote free trade —> BUT criticised for forcing damaging policies on developing countries
e.g.
WTO- World Trade Organisation
UN- United Nations- protect Ukraine= prevents world war
IMF- International Monetary Fund
The world Bank
—> USA has 15% of voting power
loans normally have conditions attached

22
Q

china- interdependence + political power

A

South China Sea
- built islands + arming them, violating international law by claiming 90% of South China Sea, military exercises etc —> expansion in South China sea= China controls vital trade routes through military legal means —> nations in South China sea are reliant on other nations e.g. USA as they can’t match Chinas power

Technology
- used to influence + control global information
- China ‘Great Firewall’ regulates internet + blocks access to certain foreign websites

23
Q

ukraine war

A
  • geopolitics- Russia’s power due to military + energy dominance
  • interdependence= knock on effects of war on other countries
  • de-globalisation of Russia as ppl cut ties with Russia (less flows)
  • Putin wants to makebUkraine + Russia one nation
  • Ukraine= wanted to join NATO= threat to Putin —> NATO= banned from military support to stop escalation of conflict + use of nuclear weapons —> BUT they can supply military equipment
  • sanctions been made to russia but need to be careful as russia has energy supplies
24
Q

unequal flows of people- Jamaica

A
  • lost 85% kg uni educated students who left to the US= brain drain
  • have to import food = expensive = inequality + 20% of people live in equality
25
Q

injustice- Dubai

A
  • Dubai= core region
  • this is due to flows of finances, investment
    , trade —> meant Dubai attracted wealthy ppl from HICs who want to invest + work there BUT flows of labour where ppl hope for better life —> 2/3 of dubai population is migrants —> many are exploited on low wages, no health/food, ppl from India go and get passports taken and help until needed for labour
26
Q

Qatar

A

hosted 2022 world cup
workers were exploited when trying to conduct stadium + some died
- it was hot, non air-con conditions
*Qatar pressured to provide alcohol even though against their culture so tourism is bought into country for development during world cup

27
Q

global inequalities article points

A
  • richest 1% have more wealth than rest of worlds population combined
  • since 1960- incomes per capita have grown by 135%
  • globalisation= planets more equal but in developing countries its worsening
  • COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE- developing countries produce goods with unskilled labour vs rich—> global trade increasing so demand for unskilled labour goods is increasing= they get boosted wages while skilled don’t so inequality reduces BUT IN REALITY
    outsourcing = NEEs employ skilled workers + pay high ages while poor unskilled workers in rural areas don’t have same opportunities= inequality rises
28
Q

how can you measure wealth

A

GINI Index
- measure income inequality —> score 0= tot equality
- absolute gini index= see explosion of inequality over past decades
(0.57 in 1988 to 0.72 in 2000s)
- Gini index issue is it only measures relative changes

29
Q

spearman’s test

A

used to measure strength of correlation in data

Human geography- global systems and governance (5 decks)

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