3.2.1.2 Global systems Flashcards
what can you say about interdependency?
- what happens in one place has impacts on another place
e.g. remittances may be reduced if natural disaster occurs in a host country impacting ppl in source countries relying on financial flows
interdependency- political
Political
- international political issues= countries need to work together to solve them e.g. United Nations (promote stability etc)
- countries rely on each other to intervene if political unrest e.g. countries supporting Ukraine, NATO (military alliance)
- environmental protection, human rights etc= require collective action
interdependency- social
- dispara all over world
- media (film etc) + leisure activities= consumed around world rather than just country of origin
e.g. UK + USA buy programmes from each other + work together to create media content - changes in medical knowledge + technological advances
- countries share educational resources e.g. University collabs—> students take knowledge home —> world bank proves education in LICs
interdependency- economic
- countries dependent on flows of labour, products, services entering country for economy to grow e.g. UK depend on migrant workers in BHS
- rely on global trade
- containerisation= efficient international trade
- internet= access to customers worldwide
- tourism stimulates economies
- off-shoring= investment flows
interdependency- environmental
- all countries rely on each other to protect environment/ prevent climate change —> Paris agreement on climate change e.g. COP28 etc
- 60 countries agreed to ban/lessen plastic packaging
what can interdependence lead to?
Development
Stability
Growth
OR
Inequalities
Conflict
Injustices
what is development, stability + growth
development
increase in standard of living + the quality of life of humans
Stability
not being ‘in conflict’, being able to function politically, socially + economically
growth
- social, economic ,environmental + political improvements.
Often measured in GDP, trade, FDI etc
what is inequalities, conflict + injustices
inequalities
idea people experience different standards of living —> can be economically (diff. levels of wealth + income), politically (diff. rights + freedom), socially (diff levels of healthcare + education)
conflict
state of disagreement caused by perceived or actual opposition greeds, values + interests between people —> e.g. way in which resources are developed, use of Amazon rainforest etc
injustices
- acts of unfairness to another or violation of human rights- undeserved hurts e.g. workers in LICs TNCs not getting breaks
inequalities between countries examples
- globalisation- reducing global inequality through transfer of capital + income (rich to poor countries)
BUT some very poor countries lag behind r.g. Burkina Faso - fastest growing economies= Asia + Sub-Saharan Africa —> Africa showing advances in growth but still has many poor countries
inequalities within countries
- inequality = worsened in some rich countries (Britain + Canada)
- reducing in china + sub-saharan africa (less gap between rich + poor)
- most countries see increase poverty gap
- richest in society cope with changes + needs in skills + tech= can cope in new job market
unequal flows of people- positive impacts
- main flow= from developing countries to HDEs
- reduced unemployment in LDE as people can move to work anywhere
- people can fill skill + labour shortages
- remittances help LICs develop
- migrants pay tax + spend money —> normally young ppl= less pressure on healthcare etc
- workers can return home with new skills + benefit their countries
- LICs reduce population pressure on resources etc
- refugees= safety from conflict etc
unequal flows of people negative impacts
- LICs loss younger, talented workers= brain drain
- too much dependence on remittances
- loss of workers = impacts economic growth
- racism in HICs for immigrants
- families get separated
- segregation may occur in HIC cities
- resentment + fear against migrants
- migrants can spread disease
- exploitation of migrant workers e.g. construction workers in Qatar
unequal flows of ideas + tech positive impacts
- TNCs can grow = benefits HICs where they’re based (privatisation)
- dismantling state ownership= benefits customers in LICs (prices fall)
- deregulation= encourage enterprise in all countries
- free trade= markets can develop + thrive + LICs= more attractive to FDI
- multi-culturalism= LICs integrate well unto global economy
- better education (online learning platforms etc) healthcare + cleaner energy
- economic growth with development (due to job creation)
unequal flows of ideas + tech negative impacts
- poor wages in LICs
- loss of jobs in HICs = downward multiplier effect + deindustrialisation
- structural unemployment (skilled workers in HICs lose jobs)
- privatisation= can lead to loss of funds for government + can inhibit growth
- deregulation can lead to environment degradation
- free trade= can damage LIC economies as they can’t compete with TNCs
- multi-culturalism= can dilute culture + threaten identity
- weapons can increase conflict
unequal flows of capital positive impacts
- FDI, aid remittances= economic growth
- more job app + better infrastructure= better quality of life
- lower production costs= cheaper goods + more profits for TNCs
unequal flows of capital negative impacts
- local businesses can’t compete easily with TNCs
- outsourcing= deinstitutionalisation + unemployment in HDEs
- environmental degradation + exploitation of workers
unequal flows- social examples
- businesses Kenya= thriving from smartphones
- indian call centres= better living standards to workers
- worker exploitation- India, Vietnam
- unequal pay between man and woman
- brain drain- Indian, Polish doctors moving to UK, remittances may only be short-term
unequal flows- political examples
- world bank + IMF lend to countries
—> world bank lent US $1bn to Laos to build a dam that generates HEP —> now Laos easels US$2bn annually by selling electricity to Thailand
unequal flows- economic examples
- remittances
- Qatar + Singapore rely on migrant workers for prosperity
- asia-pacific has many head offices e.g. Singapore
- asian economies gaining FDI from America + Europe
- 500 mill escaped poverty in China
- apple has headquarters in California= paid US $6bn to US government
- increasing TNCS in LICs e.g. China= home to Huawei
unequal flows- environmental examples
- according to world health organisation- pollution= reduce life by 5 years
- Ghana = dangerous work of breaking down old European computers = large amounts of waste discarded
unequal power relations
‘The Bretton Woods Institutions’ —> set up after WW2 to restabilise world economy —> promote free trade —> BUT criticised for forcing damaging policies on developing countries
e.g.
WTO- World Trade Organisation
UN- United Nations- protect Ukraine= prevents world war
IMF- International Monetary Fund
The world Bank
—> USA has 15% of voting power
loans normally have conditions attached
china- interdependence + political power
South China Sea
- built islands + arming them, violating international law by claiming 90% of South China Sea, military exercises etc —> expansion in South China sea= China controls vital trade routes through military legal means —> nations in South China sea are reliant on other nations e.g. USA as they can’t match Chinas power
Technology
- used to influence + control global information
- China ‘Great Firewall’ regulates internet + blocks access to certain foreign websites
ukraine war
- geopolitics- Russia’s power due to military + energy dominance
- interdependence= knock on effects of war on other countries
- de-globalisation of Russia as ppl cut ties with Russia (less flows)
- Putin wants to makebUkraine + Russia one nation
- Ukraine= wanted to join NATO= threat to Putin —> NATO= banned from military support to stop escalation of conflict + use of nuclear weapons —> BUT they can supply military equipment
- sanctions been made to russia but need to be careful as russia has energy supplies
unequal flows of people- Jamaica
- lost 85% kg uni educated students who left to the US= brain drain
- have to import food = expensive = inequality + 20% of people live in equality
injustice- Dubai
- Dubai= core region
- this is due to flows of finances, investment
, trade —> meant Dubai attracted wealthy ppl from HICs who want to invest + work there BUT flows of labour where ppl hope for better life —> 2/3 of dubai population is migrants —> many are exploited on low wages, no health/food, ppl from India go and get passports taken and help until needed for labour
Qatar
hosted 2022 world cup
workers were exploited when trying to conduct stadium + some died
- it was hot, non air-con conditions
*Qatar pressured to provide alcohol even though against their culture so tourism is bought into country for development during world cup
global inequalities article points
- richest 1% have more wealth than rest of worlds population combined
- since 1960- incomes per capita have grown by 135%
- globalisation= planets more equal but in developing countries its worsening
- COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE- developing countries produce goods with unskilled labour vs rich—> global trade increasing so demand for unskilled labour goods is increasing= they get boosted wages while skilled don’t so inequality reduces BUT IN REALITY
outsourcing = NEEs employ skilled workers + pay high ages while poor unskilled workers in rural areas don’t have same opportunities= inequality rises
how can you measure wealth
GINI Index
- measure income inequality —> score 0= tot equality
- absolute gini index= see explosion of inequality over past decades
(0.57 in 1988 to 0.72 in 2000s)
- Gini index issue is it only measures relative changes
spearman’s test
used to measure strength of correlation in data
