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AQA A Level Biology (yr 12 content) > 3.2.1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

3.2.1 Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of eukaryotic cells

A

animal, plant, fungi,algae

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2
Q

Types of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells?

A

plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole.

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4
Q

fungi cells

A
  • similar to plant cells
  • Don’t have chloroplasts (don’t photosynthesise)
  • their cell wall is made of chitin
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5
Q

Algae cells

A

Have all the same organelles as plant cells

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6
Q

what is the structure and function of the nucleus?

A

Contain genetic material

  • contains chromosomes
  • protein bound DNA
  • one or more nuclei
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7
Q

Structure and function of cell membrane

A

Controls entry and exit of substances (semi permeable)

- made up of proteins and lipids

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8
Q

structure and function of Mitochondria

A

Produce ATP

  • appear as rod-like structures
  • Have a double membrane
  • Cristae (folds)
  • matrix
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9
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

Site where photosynthesis takes place

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Collects and processes proteins and lipids

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11
Q

Golgi vessicles

A

Bud off and form lysosomes

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12
Q

Lysosomes

A

A type of golgi vessicle that releases the enzyme lysozyme.

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

where protein synthesis takes place

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14
Q

Rough ER

A

Folds and processes proteins made on ribosomes

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15
Q

Smooth ER

A

Produces and processes lipids

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16
Q

Cell wall (plants, algae)

A
  • made of cellulose

- supports cell and prevents shape change

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17
Q

Cell wall (fungi)

A

made of chitin

18
Q

vacuole

A
  • involved in removing unwanted chemicals from the cell
19
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

cells that have a specific function

sc—> tissues—> organs—-> organ systems

20
Q

Name some organelles that prokaryotic cells always have

A
  • cell wall (made from murein)
  • plasma membrane
  • ribosome
  • cytoplasm
  • circular DNA
21
Q

Name some organelles prokaryotic cells sometimes have

A
  • flagellum
  • capsule
  • nesmosome
  • plasmids
  • pilli
22
Q

Where is DNA found in a prokaryote?

A
  • single circular DNA, free floating in cytoplasm
23
Q

Is a virus living or non-living?

A

non living

24
Q

what is the structure of a virus?

A
  • Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
  • capsid ( layer of fatty acid coats)
  • Attachment protein (receptor to recognise cells to invade)
25
Q

formula for magnification

A

image size/actual size

26
Q

How does an optical microscope work?

A

use light to form an image

27
Q

Advantages of using optical microscope

A

Can use live specimens

28
Q

Disadvantages of using optical microscope

A
  • low resolution

- can’t see smaller organelles/ in great detail

29
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A
  • scanning electron microscope

- Transmission electron microscope

30
Q

How does a TEMS work?

A

use electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons, which is then transmitted through the specimen
Denser parts absorb more electrons, appearing draker

31
Q

Advantages of TEMS

A
  • High resolution ( can see internal structures)
32
Q

Disadvantage of TEMS

A
  • can only be used on thin specimens
33
Q

how does a SEMS work?

A

electrons bounce off specimen and forms an image

34
Q

Advantage of SEMS

A
  • can be used on thick specimens

- form 3D structures

35
Q

Disadvantage of SEMS

A

has a lower resolution than TEMS

36
Q

Stages of cell fractionation

A

1) Homogenisation (break up the cell)
2) filteration (remove large tissues)
3) ultracentrifugation (seperates organelles)

37
Q

Homgenisation process

A

Homogenised in a cold isotonic solution with same water potential as cell. breaks open plasma membrane to release the organelles into the solution.

38
Q

Why is the cell homogenised in a cold solution?

A

To slow down/stop enzyme activity

39
Q

Why is the cell homogenised in an isotonic solution?

A

So no osmosis takes place

40
Q

Filteration process

A

filtered to remove larger tissues.

41
Q

Centrifugation process

A
  • spun in centrifuge at low speed
  • large organelle forms pellet at bottom
  • smaller organelles stay in liquid called suspendant at the top
  • pellet removed and process is repeated at higher speeds each time until all organelles are seperated.
42
Q

How can you identify starch grains in a plant?

A

use iodine in potassium iodide solution.

AQA A Level Biology (yr 12 content) (17 decks)

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