3.2 Urbanisation Is A Result Of Socio Economic Processes And Change Flashcards
Megacity
A city which has a population of over 10million. In 2014 there were 28 and by 2030 there will be 41. More than 2/3 of megacities in developing/emerging countries
Alpha ++ and Alpha + cities
The two Alpha ++ cities (New York and London) and the Alpha + cities - Sydney, Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Tokyo, Milan. Mainly in traditionally important cities but many in developing countries
World city
A world city is a megacity that plays a bigger role in world affairs than their size suggests
Role of world cities
Investment - London and New York financial sectors
Airline Traffic - 2014 London airports 120milliom
80% of largest companies headquarters in USA, EU and Japan
Primate City
City that dominates the country it is in as it is very large and influences the economy: Government and Headquarters are there Most Transport there People migrate to it More investment
Formal employment
Officially recognised and workers are protected by laws of the country.
Rules on how many hours people can work, age of workers and their health and safety
Workers pay tax to the government
Informal employment
Unofficial, jobs are not taxed or regulated by government
Often long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay
Primary sector
Involves collecting raw materials
Farming, fishing, mining and forestry
Secondary sector
Involved turning a product into another product (manufacturing)
Making textiles, furniture, chemicals, steel and cars
Tertiary sector
Involves providing a service
Financial services, nursing, retail, police, transport
Quaternary sector
Information sector
Research and development where scientists and researchers investigate and develop new products
Electronics and IT, consulting
Employment in Developed countries
Most work in formal sector
Few workers in informal sector
Employment in emerging countries
Number of workers in informal sector is decreasing as country develops
Employment in developing countries
Most workers in informal sector
Economic sectors in developing country
Lots of people work in low skilled tertiary sector jobs - market stall
Few work in secondary sector as not enough money to invest in technology needed
Small percentage of people in high skilled tertiary jobs - government offices or IT
Economic sectors in emerging countries
Employment in secondary sector is high, established industrial zones and good infrastructure
Lots of low skilled tertiary jobs - retail or tourism
More high skilled tertiary jobs as more money to spend on services - medicine or law
Some cities specialise in services - Hyderabad, India in IT development
Economic sectors in developed countries
Fewer work in secondary sector than emerging countries
Most in tertiary sector because of a skilled and educated workforce high demand for banks and shops
Some employment in quaternary sector as lots of high skilled labour and money to invest in tech needed
Working conditions in developing countries
Conditions poor
Pay low and hours long
Conditions can be dangerous
Working conditions in emerging countries
Conditions are improved from developing
Workers rights increase
Working conditions in developed countries
Conditions good
Pay high
Many rights and protected by law
% of GDP from informal economy in Kampala
50%
% of GDP from informal economy in New Delhi
50%
% of GDP from informal economy in New York
7%
What percentage of population of Kampala work in informal economy
80%
What percentage of population of New Delhi work in informal economy
75%
Why are some developed cities such as Hull and Detroit shrinking?
Because of a lack of jobs, previously more jobs now less
Push and pull factors
Eg Kampala
Pull: better housing, better services, better jobs, more jobs, better quality of life
Push: no jobs, no services, droughts and flooding
Why are some cities such as London and New York still growing?
Because of the huge number of skilled jobs in the area. However not enough skilled workers and better skilled workers in other countries so immigration
