32: Minerals - Perry

Question 1

A decrease of __ in body water can be life threatening

Answer 1

10%

Question 2

macrominerals vs. trace minerals

Answer 2

Found on the periodic table; not broken down by digestion nor destroyed by heat or light

Macrominerals: required at amounts >100mg/day

Trace minerals: required at amounts

Question 3

major minerals

trace minerals

name them

Answer 3

major: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium
trace: iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium

Question 4

Effects of low potassium intake

Answer 4

Increased blood pressure
Increased salt sensitivity
Increased bone turnover
Increased risk of kidney stones

Question 5

functions of phosphorus

Answer 5

Major anion within cells
Contributes to ATP production
Acid-base balance

Question 6

what affects the absorption of phosphorus?

Answer 6

PTH & Vitamin D stimulate absorption
Phytic acid (grains) decreases bioavailability
Magnesium, aluminum, calcium impair absorption

Question 7

functions of magnesium

Answer 7

Bone mineralization
Crystal lattice (associated with phosphorus & calcium)
Bone surface – represents a pool available to maintain serum concentration

Cell membranes – bound to phospholipids

Enzymes (>300): glycolysis, Krebs cycle, hexose monophosphate shunt, creatine phosphate formation, nucleic acid & DNA synthesis, amino acid activation & protein synthesis, etc.

Question 8

role of calcium

Answer 8

Component of bones/teeth, cellular processes, muscle contraction, blood clotting, enzyme activation

deficiency: Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, tetany
sources: Dairy products, sardines, greens

Question 9

role of chloride

Answer 9

Anion, maintains pH, enzyme activation, gastric acid

deficiency: Loss of appetite, FTT, lethargy, metabolic acidosis
sources: Table salt, seafood, dairy, meat, eggs

Question 10

role of phosphorus

Answer 10

Component of bones/teeth, cell membranes, phospholipids

deficiency: Neuromuscular, skeletal, hematologic, renal manifestations, osteomalacia
sources: Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes

Question 11

role of potassium

Answer 11

Water, electrolyte, & pH balance, cell membrane transfer

deficiency: Muscle weakness, arrhythmias, paralysis
sources: Fruits, potatoes, dairy

Question 12

role of sodium

Answer 12

Water, electrolyte, & pH balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction

deficiency: Anorexia, nausea, muscle atrophy
sources: Table salt, meat, seafood, dairy

Question 13

role of sulfur

Answer 13

Component of sulfur-containing amino acids

deficiency: Unknown
sources: Protein foods

Question 14

role of chromium

Answer 14

role: Normal use of blood glucose & function of insulin
deficiency: Glucose intolerance, glucose & lipid metabolism abnormalities
sources: Fruits, vegetables, liver, grains

Question 15

role of copper

Answer 15

role: Utilization of iron stores, lipids, collagen, pigment, neurotransmitter synthesis
deficiency: Anemia, neutropenia, bone abnormalities
sources: Liver, meat, shellfish, grains, legumes, eggs

Question 16

role of fluoride

Answer 16

role: Maintenance of bone and teeth structure
deficiency: Dental caries, bone problems
sources: Fish, meat, legumes, grains, (drinking water)

Question 17

role of iodine

Answer 17

role: Thyroid hormone synthesis
deficiency: Enlarged thyroid gland, myxedema, cretinism, increased lipids

sources Iodized salt, seafood

Question 18

role of iron

Answer 18

role: Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin for O2 transport
deficiency: Fatigue, anemia, palpitations, dysphagia
sources: Liver, meat, legumes, leafy vegetables, fortified grains

Question 19

role of manganese

Answer 19

role: Brain function, collagen, bone, growth, urea synthesis, glucose & lipid metabolism, CNS function
deficiency: Impaired growth, skeletal abnormalities, impaired CNS function
sources: Wheat, legumes, fruit, seafood, poultry, meat

Question 20

role of molybdenum

Answer 20

role: Metabolism of purines, pyrimidines, pteridines, aldehydes, and oxidation
deficiency: Hypermethioninemia, increase urinary xanthine, sulfite excretion
sources: Soybeans, lentils, grains

Question 21

role of selenium

Answer 21

role: Protect cells against destruction by hydrogen peroxide and free radicals
deficiency: Myalgia, cardiac myopathy, cell fragility, pancreatic degeneration
sources: Grains, meat, poultry, fish, dairy

Question 22

role of zinc

Answer 22

role: Energy metabolism, protein synthesis, collagen formation, alcohol detoxifications, CO2 elimination, sexual maturation, taste & smell
deficiency: Poor wound healing, subnormal growth, anorexia, abnormal taste/smell, changes in hair, skin, nails, retarded reproductive system development
sources: Oysters, wheat germ, beef, liver, poultry, whole grains