32: Minerals - Perry Flashcards
A decrease of __ in body water can be life threatening
10%
macrominerals vs. trace minerals
Found on the periodic table; not broken down by digestion nor destroyed by heat or light
Macrominerals: required at amounts >100mg/day
Trace minerals: required at amounts
major minerals
trace minerals
name them
major: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium
trace: iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium
Effects of low potassium intake
Increased blood pressure
Increased salt sensitivity
Increased bone turnover
Increased risk of kidney stones
functions of phosphorus
Major anion within cells
Contributes to ATP production
Acid-base balance
what affects the absorption of phosphorus?
PTH & Vitamin D stimulate absorption
Phytic acid (grains) decreases bioavailability
Magnesium, aluminum, calcium impair absorption
functions of magnesium
Bone mineralization Crystal lattice (associated with phosphorus & calcium) Bone surface – represents a pool available to maintain serum concentration
Cell membranes – bound to phospholipids
Enzymes (>300): glycolysis, Krebs cycle, hexose monophosphate shunt, creatine phosphate formation, nucleic acid & DNA synthesis, amino acid activation & protein synthesis, etc.
role of calcium
Component of bones/teeth, cellular processes, muscle contraction, blood clotting, enzyme activation
deficiency: Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, tetany
sources: Dairy products, sardines, greens
role of chloride
Anion, maintains pH, enzyme activation, gastric acid
deficiency: Loss of appetite, FTT, lethargy, metabolic acidosis
sources: Table salt, seafood, dairy, meat, eggs
role of phosphorus
Component of bones/teeth, cell membranes, phospholipids
deficiency: Neuromuscular, skeletal, hematologic, renal manifestations, osteomalacia
sources: Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes
role of potassium
Water, electrolyte, & pH balance, cell membrane transfer
deficiency: Muscle weakness, arrhythmias, paralysis
sources: Fruits, potatoes, dairy
role of sodium
Water, electrolyte, & pH balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction
deficiency: Anorexia, nausea, muscle atrophy
sources: Table salt, meat, seafood, dairy
role of sulfur
Component of sulfur-containing amino acids
deficiency: Unknown
sources: Protein foods
role of chromium
role: Normal use of blood glucose & function of insulin
deficiency: Glucose intolerance, glucose & lipid metabolism abnormalities
sources: Fruits, vegetables, liver, grains
role of copper
role: Utilization of iron stores, lipids, collagen, pigment, neurotransmitter synthesis
deficiency: Anemia, neutropenia, bone abnormalities
sources: Liver, meat, shellfish, grains, legumes, eggs
role of fluoride
role: Maintenance of bone and teeth structure
deficiency: Dental caries, bone problems
sources: Fish, meat, legumes, grains, (drinking water)
role of iodine
role: Thyroid hormone synthesis
deficiency: Enlarged thyroid gland, myxedema, cretinism, increased lipids
sources Iodized salt, seafood
role of iron
role: Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin for O2 transport
deficiency: Fatigue, anemia, palpitations, dysphagia
sources: Liver, meat, legumes, leafy vegetables, fortified grains
role of manganese
role: Brain function, collagen, bone, growth, urea synthesis, glucose & lipid metabolism, CNS function
deficiency: Impaired growth, skeletal abnormalities, impaired CNS function
sources: Wheat, legumes, fruit, seafood, poultry, meat
role of molybdenum
role: Metabolism of purines, pyrimidines, pteridines, aldehydes, and oxidation
deficiency: Hypermethioninemia, increase urinary xanthine, sulfite excretion
sources: Soybeans, lentils, grains
role of selenium
role: Protect cells against destruction by hydrogen peroxide and free radicals
deficiency: Myalgia, cardiac myopathy, cell fragility, pancreatic degeneration
sources: Grains, meat, poultry, fish, dairy
role of zinc
role: Energy metabolism, protein synthesis, collagen formation, alcohol detoxifications, CO2 elimination, sexual maturation, taste & smell
deficiency: Poor wound healing, subnormal growth, anorexia, abnormal taste/smell, changes in hair, skin, nails, retarded reproductive system development
sources: Oysters, wheat germ, beef, liver, poultry, whole grains
