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Biology > 3.2 Inheritance > Flashcards

3.2 Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an allele?

A

an alternative version of a gene that cause difference in inherited characteristics such as hair colour

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2
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

part of tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes

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4
Q

What is codominance?

A

two different alleles both being expressed in the phenotype

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5
Q

What does the term codon mean?

A

sequences of 3 bases on mRNA which corresponds to a specific amino acid

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6
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

A

double stranded polymer arranged in a double helix
made up of DNA nucleotides that carry the genetic code

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7
Q

What does dominant mean?

A

an allele that is always expressed in the phenotype when in the genotype, denoted by a capital letter

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8
Q

What is evolution?

A

the change in inherited traits within a population over time
modelled by natural selection

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

a section of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids that forms a protein and is responsible for a particular trait (phenotype)

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10
Q

What is a genome?

A

the complete genetic material of an organism

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11
Q

What is a genotype?

A

all of the alleles present in an organism

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12
Q

What is a haploid?

A

a ell that contains half the amount of genetic information
human gametes have 23 chromosomes

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13
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

when an organism has two different alleles of a gene e.g. Bb

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14
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

when an organism has two of the same alleles e.g. BB, bb

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15
Q

What is meiosis?

A

a form of cellular division that produces gametes, genetically different haploid cells
4 daughter cells produced over two divisions involving two parent CELLS only occurs in the reproductive and used to produce gametes

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16
Q

What is mitosis?

A

a form of cellular division that produces gametes, genetically identical diploid cells from a single parent CELL
2 daughter cells produced over one division, occurs everywhere in the body and used for growth and repair of cells/tissues

17
Q

What is mRNA?

A

has a complementary sequence to a sequence of bases on DNA (gene)
made up of codons (3 bases on mRNA)
produced in the nucleus during transcription and travels to the ribosomes for translation (protein synthesis)

18
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a random change in DNA which may result in genetic variations that can produce a slightly different protein and therefore a different phenotype if the mutation occurs in a gene

example being addition, substitution and deletion

19
Q

What is natural selection?

A

a change in the environment causes an organism with a mutated allele to be at an advantage
they are more likely to survive
reproduce and pass n their advantageous, mutated allele to their offspring
this happens over many generations and results in the mutated allele becoming more frequent in the population at the expense of the previous dominant allele

20
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

an organisms visual characteristics e.g. hair colour

21
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

the formation of a sequence of amino acids and then protein form a gene
involves transcription, the production of mRNA in the nucleus and translation
the production of the sequence of amino acids from mRNA forming a polypeptide chain in the ribosome

22
Q

What does the term recessive mean?

A

an allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when present with another recessive allele in the genotype (homozygous)
denoted by a lower case letter e.g. b

23
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

an organelle that is the site of protein synthesis, specifically translation

24
Q

What is RNA?

A

a single stranded polymer of RNA nucleotides; adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine, with it being the same as DNA but uracil replaces thymine

two main types, mRNA and tRNA

25
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

a pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

in humans this is the 23rd pair and is XX in females and XY in males

26
Q

What is transcription?

A

first stage of protein synthesis and happens in the nucleus, where DNA is unwound using DNA helicase

the bases on the gene are read using RNA polymerase and the complementary nucleotides binds to the exposed base on the DNA using the complementary base pairing rule

RNA polymerase then joins the RNA nucleotides together and they detach from DNA forming a strand of mRNA which leaves the nucleus

27
Q

What is translation?

A

second phase of protein synthesis which occurs in the ribosome

where mRNA is read by the ribosome and tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon to the codon on mRNA moves to the ribosome

bringing with it a specific amino acid

this process continues with peptide bonds forming between the amino acids until a polypeptide is created

28
Q

What is tRNA?

A

a form of RNA that is involved in translation
has a complementary anticodon to a codon on mRNA and brings a specific amino acid with is to the ribosome

29
Q

What does the term variation mean?

A

the differences between individuals due to genes, the environment or a combination of both

30
Q

What is a diploid?

A

an organism with a full set of chromosomes
diploid human cells contain 46 chromosomes

31
Q

What are the 4 DNA nucleotides?

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

32
Q

What are the 4 DNA nucleotides made up of?

A

a phosphate molecule and deoxyribose sugar

33
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

a cross between two organisms that is used to investigate the inheritance of a single gene

34
Q

What are mutagens?

A

chemicals that increase the frequency of mutations in DNA

Biology (26 decks)

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