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C3- BONDING > 3.2- COVALENT BONDING > Flashcards

3.2- COVALENT BONDING Flashcards

1
Q

What do non-metal atoms need to do to fill the space in their outer shells?

A

receive electrons

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2
Q

What does a covalent bond form between?

A

a pair of non-metal atoms

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3
Q

What do the atoms in a covalent bond do?

A

share some of their outer shell electrons

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4
Q

Why do atoms in a covalent bond share some of their outer electrons?

A

so that each atom has a stable noble gas arrangement

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5
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

shared pair of electron

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6
Q

What is a small group of covalently bonded atoms called?

A

a molecule

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7
Q

example of a molecule from covalent bonding?

A

chlorine- Cl2

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8
Q

How many electrons does chlorine have?

A

17

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9
Q

What is the electron arrangement of chlorine?

A

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

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10
Q

What happens when two chlorine atoms make a chlorine molecule? (4)

A

two atoms share one pair of electrons

each atom now has stable noble gas arrangement

formula is Cl2

molecules neutral as no electrons have been transferred from one atom to another

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11
Q

How can you represent one pair of shared electrons in a covalent bond?

A

by a line

e.g. Cl-Cl

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12
Q

How are atoms with covalent bonds held together?

A

by electrostatic attraction between nuclei and shared electrons

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13
Q

How many electrons are there in a double bond?

A

four electrons

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14
Q

How many pairs of electrons do the two atoms in an oxygen molecule share?

A

two

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15
Q

What sort of bond is between the oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule?

A

double bond

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16
Q

How can you represent the two pairs of shared electrons in a covalent bond?

A

with a double line, O=O

17
Q

What sort of melting temperature do substances composed of molecules have?

A

low melting temperature

18
Q

Why do substances composed of molecules have a low melting temperature?

A

the strong covalent bonds only BETWEEN the atoms within a molecule
only weak attraction between molecules so molecules don’t need much energy to move apart from each other

19
Q

Are substances composed of molecules good conductors of electricity and why?

A

poor conductors of electricity as molecules neutral overall

20
Q

As the molecules are neutral overall what does this mean? (hint- current)

A

no charged particles to carry the current

21
Q

If substances composed of molecules were dissolved in water and remain as molecules, will they be able to conduct electricity and why?

A

no because there are no charged particles

22
Q

What does a single covalent bond consist of?

A

a pair of electrons shared between two atoms

23
Q

What is done by each atom in most covalent bonds?

A

each atom provides one of the electrons

24
Q

What happens in some bonds? (covalent)

A

one atom provides both the electrons

25
Q

What is it called when one atom provides both the electrons?

A

co-ordinate bonding or dative covalent bonding

26
Q

In co-ordinate/ dative covalent bond… (2)

A

atom that accepts electron pair is atom that doesn’t have a filled outer main level of electrons- atom is electron-deficient

atom that’s donating electrons has a pair of electrons that’s not being used in bond, called lone pair

27
Q

example of co-ordinate bonding?

A

ammonium ion NH4^+

28
Q

What does ammonia, NH3 have? (electrons)

A

lone pair of electrons

29
Q

What does nitrogen do in NH4^+?

A

nitrogen uses its lone pair of electrons to form coordinate bond with an H+ ion (bare proton with no electrons so electron deficient)

30
Q

How are coordinate covalent bonds represented?

A

by an arrow

31
Q

where does the arrow representing a coordinate covalent bond point towards?

A

towards the atom that’s accepting the electron pair

32
Q

What does the arrow for coordinate bonding ONLY show?

A

only to show how the bonds was made

33
Q

about the ammonium ion:

A

completely symmetrical and all bonds have exactly the same strength + length

34
Q

What are the coordinate bonds’ strength + length in comparison to ordinary covalent bonds?

A

exactly the same

35
Q

how is the ammonium ion bonded and does it have a charge?

A

covalently bonded but is a charged particle

C3- BONDING (7 decks)

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