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Diseases Caused by Infections > 3.2 > Flashcards

3.2 Flashcards

Exam 3 Long's Prework 2

1
Q

3 most common Bacteria that causes STIs Ranked

A

1) Chlamydia Trachomatis (Chlamydia)
2) Neisseria Gonorrhoese (the clap)
3) Treponema Pallidum (Syphilis)

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2
Q

3 other bacteria that can cause STIs other than the big 3

A
  • Haemophilus Ducreyi (Chancroid)
  • Mycoplasma Genitalium (atypical)
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum (atypical)
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3
Q

Etiologies: Gonococcal Urethritis

A
  • N. Gonorrhoeae (PIDDLY)
  • Aerobic Diplococci
  • Intracellular pathogen
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4
Q

Etiologies: 2 Different types of Non-gonococcal Urethritis

A
  • C. Tachomatis (aerobic coccobacilli and intracellular pathogen)
  • Trichomonas Vaginalis (anaerobic protozoan)
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5
Q

Etiologies: cervicitis/vaginitis

A
  • C. trachomatis,
  • N. gonorrhea > T. vaginalis
  • Gardnerella vaginalis
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6
Q

Etiologies: salpingitis

A
  • C. trachomatis
  • N. gonorrhoeae
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7
Q

Etiologies: pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A
  • N. gonorrhoeae (Most common)
  • C. trachomatis
  • T. vaginalis
  • Mycoplasma genitalium
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum
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8
Q

Etiologies: genital ulcers disease (GUD)

A
  • Haemophilus ducreyi (PIDDLY)
  • Treponema pallidum (spirochete)
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9
Q

Etiologies: proctitis

A
  • C. trachomatis
  • N. gonorrhoeae
  • T. pallidum
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10
Q

Etiologies: 2 Other notable STI Pathogens (Viruses)

A
  • genital herpes = herpes simplex virus II (HSV-2)
  • genital warts = HPV
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11
Q

What is Urethritis?

A

inflammation of the urethra

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12
Q

What Pathogens Cause Urethritis?

A

C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae

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13
Q

S/S: Urethritis

A

painful urination (dysuria) and yellow purulent exudate

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14
Q

How do we test for Urethritis?

A
  • NAT/NAAT using PCR used to detect for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae
  • Gram-smear reveals C. trachomatis (coccobacilli) and N. gonorrhoeae (diplococci) as intracellular
    pathogens
  • high prevalence of C. trachomatis + gonococcus coinfection
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15
Q

What is Cervicitis?

A

Inflammation of the uterine cervix

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16
Q

What Pathogens cause Cervicitis?

A

C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae

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17
Q

What is Bacterial Vaginosis?

A

Inflammation resulting from the overgrowth of vaginal microflora bacteria

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18
Q

What Pathogen Causes Bacterial Vaginosis?

A

G. vaginalis

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19
Q

S/S: Bacterial Vaginosis

A

Fishy Fishae

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20
Q

Risk Factors: Bacterial Vaginosis

A
  • new or multiple sex partners
  • vaginal irrigation (douche)
  • antimicrobial use
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21
Q

What Drugs cover G. vaginalis

A
  • metronidazole/tinidazole
  • clindamycin
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22
Q

What is Proctits?

A

-asshole in flames

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23
Q

Explain what happens to someone with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

A
  • the endocervical canal is a protective barrier that prevents the vaginal flora, from entering the upper genital tract; maintains a sterile environment
  • During menstruation, vaginal bacteria can bypass the barrier
    and colonize the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
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24
Q

When can Pelvic Inflammatory Disease start?

A

Most PID cases begin within 1 week of menstruation

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25
Q

Pathogens for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

A

C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae (PIDDLY)

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26
Q

Most common population for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

A

Young Women

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27
Q

Common Pathogen of Gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PIDDLY)

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28
Q

Pathogenesis for Gonorrhea

A
  • lipooligosaccharide (LOS),
    cause damage ciliated epithelial cells
  • leukocytes invade tissue and engulf gonococci producing the WBC-rich exudate
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29
Q

Explain disseminated gonococcal infections?

A
  • bacteria enter the bloodstream
  • polyarthritis
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30
Q

Explain pharyngitis with respects to gonorrhea

A

acquired by oral sex with infected partner

31
Q

What is gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

Pink Eye

32
Q

How is neonatal conjunctivitis contracted?

A
  • contracted by newborns during delivery
33
Q

What is more common in the US, Chlamydia trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

34
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis has a high number of what? which can lead to what?

A
  • High number of asymptomatic (thus untreated) chronic infections
  • Which can lead to PID
35
Q

Explain Reactive (Reiter’s) Arthritis

A
  • autoimmune response that occurs 1-3 weeks after infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis
  • signs/symptoms: classic triad includes, conjunctivitis, urethritis/cervicitis, and arthritis (“can’t see; can’t
    pee; can’t climb a tree”).
  • risk group: sexually active young adults with genetic marker HLA-B27
36
Q

Explain General Syphilis and its pathogen

A
  • slowly progressive STI caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum
37
Q

Etiologies: Syphilis

A
  • acquired by sexual contact
  • transmitted during pregnancy as congenital syphilis
38
Q

Explain Primary Syphilis

A
  • manifests as painless chancre (ulcer lesions)
  • highly contagious
39
Q

Explain Secondary Syphilis

A
  • bacteria spread throughout the body via the bloodstream
  • painless, highly contagious lesions
  • latent phase (asymptomatic stage) organs and tissues remain infected
40
Q

T/F is there a Tertiary Syphilis

A

True (Long just Highlighted the name and nothing else)

41
Q

Complications with Syphilis

A
  • cardiovascular syphilis
  • neurosyphilis
  • arthritis and soft gummas (granulomas skin lesions)
42
Q

What is used to treat Syphilis?

A

Pen G

43
Q

What reaction can occur after Pen G is given to treat Syphilis?

A

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

44
Q

What causes a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction? (Syphilis treatment)

A

It is due toxins left behind from dead T. pallidum cells

45
Q

Pathogen for Chancroid

A

Haemophilus ducreyi (PIDDLY)

46
Q

Genital Herpes

A

most common genital ulcer disease in the U.S due to HSV-2

47
Q

Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) causes:

A
  • Contagious genital ulcers or sores
  • or Asymptomatic
48
Q

Brand for Acyclovir

A

Zorivax

49
Q

Brand for Oral Valacyclovir

A

Valtrex

50
Q

What is Valacyclovir?

A

The L-valyl ester prodrug of acyclovir oral acyclovir has lower bioavailability (10-30%) compared to valacyclovir
(>70%)

51
Q

Pharmacology For Acyclovir (Noted as Very important for the exam)

A

liver esterase convert valacyclovir to acyclovir which is
converted by viral thymidine kinase to acyclovir monophosphate; host cell
kinases then convert acyclovir monophosphate to acyclovir triphosphate
which competitively inhibits herpes DNA polymerase and has greater affinity
for the viral vs. mammalian DNA polymerase

52
Q

FDA use for Acyclovir

A

HSV genitalis

53
Q

Adverse Reaction for Acyclovir

A
  • nephrotoxicity (crystalluria)
  • large doses of IV acyclovir may induce crystalluria
54
Q

What is Famciclovir FDA use and is the Prodrug form of what drug?

A
  • used for genital herpes
  • Prodrug of Penciclovir
55
Q

Pharmacology of Famciclovirn

A

Liver esterase convert famciclovir to penciclovir which is converted by viral thymidine kinase to
penciclovir monophosphate; host cell kinases then convert penciclovir monophosphate to penciclovir triphosphate
which competitively inhibits herpes DNA polymerase and has greater affinity for the viral vs. mammalian DNA
polymerase

56
Q

The Pathogens for Trichomoniasis

A
  • Trichomonas vaginalis (anaerobic protozoa)
    *many trichomoniasis cases involve a N. gonorrhea co-infection
57
Q

Detection of Trichomoniasis

A

Fishy Fishae

58
Q

Coverage for Trichomoniasis

A

metronidazole, tinidazole

59
Q

Explain Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A
  • formation of contagious genital warts
  • transmitted by sexual contact
  • can also promote cervical, anal, and oral cancer development
60
Q

What HPV types cause genital warts?

A

-6 and -11

61
Q

What HPV types promote cancers

A

-16 and -18

62
Q

How do we prevent HPV and do we use?

A

Vaccines (Gardasil 9)

63
Q

FQ covers what with respects to STI?

A

Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Haemophilus

64
Q

Counseling points about FQs?

A
  • avoid cations 2+ metal-containing foods and vitamins 2 h before/after admin.
  • high incidence of fluoroquinolone resistant in Neisseria gonorrhea
65
Q

Metronidazole and Tinidazole covers what with respects to STI?

A

covers anaerobes (e.g, Gardnerella, T. vaginalis)

66
Q

Counseling points for Metronidazole and Tinidazole

A
  • disulfiram-like reaction to alcohol; not well tolerated by GI system (severe nausea)
  • can eradicate good GU anaerobes allowing for yeast infection
67
Q

Pen G covers what with respects to STI?

A

Treponema (syphilis)

68
Q

Ceftriaxone covers what with respects to STI?

A

Neisseria, Haemophilus

69
Q

Counseling points for Ceftriaxone

A
  • ceftriaxone metabolite excreted in bile → small intestines → feces; parent ceftriaxone drug excreted in urine.
  • binds calcium causing drug-induced cholelithiasis (i.e., gallstones)
70
Q

Brand for Ceftriaxone

A

Rocephin

71
Q

Azithromycin covers what with respects to STI?

A

Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Haemophilus

72
Q

Counseling Points for Azithromycin

A
  • Long half-life and high tissue binding requires a loading dose on day 1
  • in some cases even 1 dose regimens
73
Q

Doxycycline covers what with respects to STI?

A

Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Haemophilus

74
Q

Counseling Points for Doxycycline

A
  • inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S subunit
  • avoid cations 2+ metal-containing foods and vitamins 2 h before/after admin.

Diseases Caused by Infections (3 decks)

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