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Diseases Caused by Infections > 3.2 > Flashcards

3.2 Flashcards

Exam 3 Long's Prework 2

1
Q

3 most common Bacteria that causes STIs Ranked

A

1) Chlamydia Trachomatis (Chlamydia)
2) Neisseria Gonorrhoese (the clap)
3) Treponema Pallidum (Syphilis)

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2
Q

3 other bacteria that can cause STIs other than the big 3

A
  • Haemophilus Ducreyi (Chancroid)
  • Mycoplasma Genitalium (atypical)
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum (atypical)
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3
Q

Etiologies: Gonococcal Urethritis

A
  • N. Gonorrhoeae (PIDDLY)
  • Aerobic Diplococci
  • Intracellular pathogen
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4
Q

Etiologies: 2 Different types of Non-gonococcal Urethritis

A
  • C. Tachomatis (aerobic coccobacilli and intracellular pathogen)
  • Trichomonas Vaginalis (anaerobic protozoan)
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5
Q

Etiologies: cervicitis/vaginitis

A
  • C. trachomatis,
  • N. gonorrhea > T. vaginalis
  • Gardnerella vaginalis
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6
Q

Etiologies: salpingitis

A
  • C. trachomatis
  • N. gonorrhoeae
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7
Q

Etiologies: pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A
  • N. gonorrhoeae (Most common)
  • C. trachomatis
  • T. vaginalis
  • Mycoplasma genitalium
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum
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8
Q

Etiologies: genital ulcers disease (GUD)

A
  • Haemophilus ducreyi (PIDDLY)
  • Treponema pallidum (spirochete)
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9
Q

Etiologies: proctitis

A
  • C. trachomatis
  • N. gonorrhoeae
  • T. pallidum
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10
Q

Etiologies: 2 Other notable STI Pathogens (Viruses)

A
  • genital herpes = herpes simplex virus II (HSV-2)
  • genital warts = HPV
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11
Q

What is Urethritis?

A

inflammation of the urethra

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12
Q

What Pathogens Cause Urethritis?

A

C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae

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13
Q

S/S: Urethritis

A

painful urination (dysuria) and yellow purulent exudate

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14
Q

How do we test for Urethritis?

A
  • NAT/NAAT using PCR used to detect for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae
  • Gram-smear reveals C. trachomatis (coccobacilli) and N. gonorrhoeae (diplococci) as intracellular
    pathogens
  • high prevalence of C. trachomatis + gonococcus coinfection
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15
Q

What is Cervicitis?

A

Inflammation of the uterine cervix

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16
Q

What Pathogens cause Cervicitis?

A

C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae

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17
Q

What is Bacterial Vaginosis?

A

Inflammation resulting from the overgrowth of vaginal microflora bacteria

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18
Q

What Pathogen Causes Bacterial Vaginosis?

A

G. vaginalis

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19
Q

S/S: Bacterial Vaginosis

A

Fishy Fishae

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20
Q

Risk Factors: Bacterial Vaginosis

A
  • new or multiple sex partners
  • vaginal irrigation (douche)
  • antimicrobial use
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21
Q

What Drugs cover G. vaginalis

A
  • metronidazole/tinidazole
  • clindamycin
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22
Q

What is Proctits?

A

-asshole in flames

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23
Q

Explain what happens to someone with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

A
  • the endocervical canal is a protective barrier that prevents the vaginal flora, from entering the upper genital tract; maintains a sterile environment
  • During menstruation, vaginal bacteria can bypass the barrier
    and colonize the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
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24
Q

When can Pelvic Inflammatory Disease start?

A

Most PID cases begin within 1 week of menstruation

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25
Pathogens for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae (PIDDLY)
26
Most common population for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
Young Women
27
Common Pathogen of Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PIDDLY)
28
Pathogenesis for Gonorrhea
- lipooligosaccharide (LOS), cause damage ciliated epithelial cells - leukocytes invade tissue and engulf gonococci producing the WBC-rich exudate
29
Explain disseminated gonococcal infections?
- bacteria enter the bloodstream - polyarthritis
30
Explain pharyngitis with respects to gonorrhea
acquired by oral sex with infected partner
31
What is gonococcal conjunctivitis?
Pink Eye
32
How is neonatal conjunctivitis contracted?
- contracted by newborns during delivery
33
What is more common in the US, Chlamydia trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae?
Chlamydia trachomatis
34
Chlamydia trachomatis has a high number of what? which can lead to what?
- High number of asymptomatic (thus untreated) chronic infections - Which can lead to PID
35
Explain Reactive (Reiter’s) Arthritis
- autoimmune response that occurs 1-3 weeks after infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis - signs/symptoms: classic triad includes, conjunctivitis, urethritis/cervicitis, and arthritis (“can’t see; can’t pee; can’t climb a tree”). - risk group: sexually active young adults with genetic marker HLA-B27
36
Explain General Syphilis and its pathogen
- slowly progressive STI caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum
37
Etiologies: Syphilis
- acquired by sexual contact - transmitted during pregnancy as congenital syphilis
38
Explain Primary Syphilis
- manifests as painless chancre (ulcer lesions) - highly contagious
39
Explain Secondary Syphilis
- bacteria spread throughout the body via the bloodstream - painless, highly contagious lesions - latent phase (asymptomatic stage) organs and tissues remain infected
40
T/F is there a Tertiary Syphilis
True (Long just Highlighted the name and nothing else)
41
Complications with Syphilis
- cardiovascular syphilis - neurosyphilis - arthritis and soft gummas (granulomas skin lesions)
42
What is used to treat Syphilis?
Pen G
43
What reaction can occur after Pen G is given to treat Syphilis?
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
44
What causes a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction? (Syphilis treatment)
It is due toxins left behind from dead T. pallidum cells
45
Pathogen for Chancroid
Haemophilus ducreyi (PIDDLY)
46
Genital Herpes
most common genital ulcer disease in the U.S due to HSV-2
47
Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) causes:
- Contagious genital ulcers or sores - or Asymptomatic
48
Brand for Acyclovir
Zorivax
49
Brand for Oral Valacyclovir
Valtrex
50
What is Valacyclovir?
The L-valyl ester prodrug of acyclovir oral acyclovir has lower bioavailability (10-30%) compared to valacyclovir (>70%)
51
Pharmacology For Acyclovir (Noted as Very important for the exam)
liver esterase convert valacyclovir to acyclovir which is converted by viral thymidine kinase to acyclovir monophosphate; host cell kinases then convert acyclovir monophosphate to acyclovir triphosphate which competitively inhibits herpes DNA polymerase and has greater affinity for the viral vs. mammalian DNA polymerase
52
FDA use for Acyclovir
HSV genitalis
53
Adverse Reaction for Acyclovir
- nephrotoxicity (crystalluria) - large doses of IV acyclovir may induce crystalluria
54
What is Famciclovir FDA use and is the Prodrug form of what drug?
- used for genital herpes - Prodrug of Penciclovir
55
Pharmacology of Famciclovirn
Liver esterase convert famciclovir to penciclovir which is converted by viral thymidine kinase to penciclovir monophosphate; host cell kinases then convert penciclovir monophosphate to penciclovir triphosphate which competitively inhibits herpes DNA polymerase and has greater affinity for the viral vs. mammalian DNA polymerase
56
The Pathogens for Trichomoniasis
- Trichomonas vaginalis (anaerobic protozoa) *many trichomoniasis cases involve a N. gonorrhea co-infection
57
Detection of Trichomoniasis
Fishy Fishae
58
Coverage for Trichomoniasis
metronidazole, tinidazole
59
Explain Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- formation of contagious genital warts - transmitted by sexual contact - can also promote cervical, anal, and oral cancer development
60
What HPV types cause genital warts?
-6 and -11
61
What HPV types promote cancers
-16 and -18
62
How do we prevent HPV and do we use?
Vaccines (Gardasil 9)
63
FQ covers what with respects to STI?
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Haemophilus
64
Counseling points about FQs?
- avoid cations 2+ metal-containing foods and vitamins 2 h before/after admin. - high incidence of fluoroquinolone resistant in Neisseria gonorrhea
65
Metronidazole and Tinidazole covers what with respects to STI?
covers anaerobes (e.g, Gardnerella, T. vaginalis)
66
Counseling points for Metronidazole and Tinidazole
- disulfiram-like reaction to alcohol; not well tolerated by GI system (severe nausea) - can eradicate good GU anaerobes allowing for yeast infection
67
Pen G covers what with respects to STI?
Treponema (syphilis)
68
Ceftriaxone covers what with respects to STI?
Neisseria, Haemophilus
69
Counseling points for Ceftriaxone
- ceftriaxone metabolite excreted in bile → small intestines → feces; parent ceftriaxone drug excreted in urine. - binds calcium causing drug-induced cholelithiasis (i.e., gallstones)
70
Brand for Ceftriaxone
Rocephin
71
Azithromycin covers what with respects to STI?
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Haemophilus
72
Counseling Points for Azithromycin
- Long half-life and high tissue binding requires a loading dose on day 1 - in some cases even 1 dose regimens
73
Doxycycline covers what with respects to STI?
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Haemophilus
74
Counseling Points for Doxycycline
- inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S subunit - avoid cations 2+ metal-containing foods and vitamins 2 h before/after admin.

Diseases Caused by Infections (3 decks)

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