3.2

Question 1

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Answer 1

Faulty early socialisation preventing the individual resolving unconscious conflicts between the ID and the superego

Question 2

Strengths of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Answer 2

The theory points to the importance of early socialisation and family relationships in understanding criminal behaviour

Question 3

Limitations of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Answer 3

Critics doubt the existence of an unconscious mind

Question 4

Bowlby’s psychodynamic theory

Answer 4

Maternal deprivation as a cause of criminality

Question 5

Strengths of Bowlby’s psychodynamic theory

Answer 5

A sample of 44 juvenile delinquents had suffered maternal deprivation (39%) than a control group of non deliquents (5%)

Question 6

Limitations Bowlby’s psychodynamic theories

Answer 6

Bowlby’s theory doesn’t talk about the 69% that don’t suffer maternal deprivation

Question 7

Eysenck’s personality Theory

Answer 7

Criminality is the result of an extraverted neurotic personality

Question 8

Strengths of Eysenck’s personality theory

Answer 8

Studies support this as offenders are often extraverts, neurotic and psychotic

Question 9

Limitations of Eysenck’s

Answer 9

Convicted offenders may not be typical offenders as a whole, for example less impulsive offenders may be less likely to be caught

Question 10

What is differential association theory

Answer 10

Sutherland argues that we learn criminal behaviour through socialisation

Question 11

Strengths of differential association

Answer 11

The attitudes of workgroups can normalise white collar crime

Question 12

Limitations of differential association theory

Answer 12

Not everyone who is exposed ro criminal influences becomes criminal

Question 13

What is operant learning theory

Answer 13

If criminal behaviour leads to a positive outcome it is more likely to be repeated

Question 14

Strengths of operant learning theory

Answer 14

Jeffrey states that if crime leads to to more rewarding than punishing behaviour then it is likely to be repeated

Question 15

Limitations of operant learning theory

Answer 15

Theory ignores internal mental process

Question 16

What is social learning theory

Answer 16

Bandura argues that we learn behaviour through observation and imitation of others.

Question 17

Strengths of social learning theory

Answer 17

Bandura shows that children who observe agressive behaviour being rewarded, this shows the importance of role models

Question 18

Limitations of social learning theory

Answer 18

The theory is based on an artificial environment as it was done in a lab, so findings may not be relevant for real life

Question 19

What is criminal personality theory

Answer 19

Yochelson and Samenows theory says criminal behaviour as the result of errors and biases in criminals thinking patterns

Question 20

Strengths of criminal personality theory

Answer 20

A successful treatment caller cognitive behavioural therapy has been developed due to this theory

Question 21

Limitations of criminal personality theory

Answer 21

They did not use a control group of non criminal to see if normal people also make the same thinking errors

Question 22

What is moral development theory

Answer 22

The theory argues that criminals are stuck at an immature stage of moral development therefore leading to them being unable to make correct moral choices

Question 23

Strengths of moral development theory

Answer 23

Some study’s show deliquents are more likely to have immature moral development

Question 24

Limitations of moral development theory

Answer 24

Kohlberg focuses on moral thinking rather than moral behaviour, some may be perfectly capable of thinking morally while acting immorally

Question 25

Artificiality

Answer 25

Researchers often use labatory experiments, but how someone behaves in a laboratory may not reflect how they would act in reality

Question 26

Sample bias

Answer 26

Researchers often use studies of convicted criminals, but these may not be representative of the criminals who got away

Question 27

Neglect of social factors

Answer 27

They take little account of the social factors that may cause criminal behaviour, such as poverty and discrimination