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Chemistry > 3.14 Synthetic routes > Flashcards

3.14 Synthetic routes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the conditions when making a poly(alkene) from an alkene?

A
  • High pressure

- Catalyst

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2
Q

What are the conditions when making a dihalogenoalkane from an alkene?

A

Room temperature

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3
Q

What are the conditions when making a diol from a dihalogenoalkane?

A

Heat under reflux

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4
Q

What are the reagents when making a dihalogenoalkane from an alkene?

A

Br2

Cl2

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5
Q

What are the reagents when making a diol from a dihalogenoalkane?

A

KOH aqueous

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6
Q

What is the mechanism when making a dihalogenoalkane from an alkene?

A

Electrophilic addition

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7
Q

What is the mechanism when making a diol from a dihalogenoalkane?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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8
Q

What are the reagents when making a halogenoalkane from an alkene?

A

HBr

HCl

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9
Q

What are the conditions when making a halogenoalkane from an alkene?

A

Room temperature

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10
Q

What is the mechanism when making a halogenoalkane from an alkene?

A

Electrophilic addition

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11
Q

What are the reagents when making a halogenoalkane from an alkane?

A

Br2

Cl2

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12
Q

What are the conditions when making a halogenoalkane from an alkane?

A

UV light

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13
Q

What is the mechanism when making a halogenoalkane from an alkane?

A

Free radical substitution

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14
Q

What are the reagents when making an alkene from a halogenoalkane?

A

KOH alcoholic

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15
Q

What are the conditions when making an alkene from a halogenoalkane?

A

Heat under reflux

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16
Q

What is the mechanism when making an alkene from a halogenoalkane?

A

Elimination

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17
Q

What are the reagents when making an alcohol from a halogenoalkane?

A

KOH aqueous

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18
Q

What are the conditions when making an alcohol from a halogenoalkane?

A

Heat under reflux

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19
Q

What is the mechanism when making an alcohol from a halogenoalkane?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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20
Q

What are the reagents when making an alkene from an alcohol?

A

Conc. H2SO4

Con H3PO4

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21
Q

What is the mechanism when making an alkene from an alcohol?

A

Elimination, dehydration

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22
Q

What are the reagents when making an alcohol from an alkene?

A

Step 1 - H2SO4

Step 2 - H2O

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23
Q

What is the mechanism when making an alcohol from an alkene?

A

Step 1 - Electrophilic addition

Step 2 - Hydrolysis

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24
Q

What are the conditions when making an alcohol from an alkene?

A

Step 2 - warm

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25
Q

What are the reagents when making an alcohol from an aldehyde?

A

NaBH4

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26
Q

What is the mechanism when making an alcohol from an aldehyde?

A

Reduction, Nucleophilic substitution

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27
Q

What are the reagents when making an aldehyde from a primary alcohol?

A

Na2Cr2O7/H+

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28
Q

What are the conditions when making an aldehyde from a primary alcohol?

A

Heat and distill

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29
Q

What is the mechanism when making an aldehyde from a primary alcohol?

A

Partial oxidation

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30
Q

What are the reagents when making a ketone from a secondary alcohol?

A

NaCr2O7/H+

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31
Q

What are the condtions when making a ketone from a secondary alcohol?

A

Heat

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32
Q

What is the mechanism when making a ketone from a secondary alcohol?

A

Oxidation

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33
Q

What are the reagents when making an alcohol from a ketone?

A

NaBH4

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34
Q

What is the mechanism when making an alcohol from a ketone?

A

Reduction, Nucleophilic addition

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35
Q

What are the reagents when making a hydroxynitrile from an aldehyde?

A

NaCN + H2SO4

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36
Q

What is the mechanism when making a hydroxynitrile from an aldehyde?

A

Nucleophilic addition

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37
Q

What are the reagents when making a hydroxynitrile from a ketone?

A

NaCN + H2SO4

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38
Q

What is the mechanism when making a hydroxynitrile from a ketone?

A

Nucleophilic addition

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39
Q

What are the reagents when making a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?

A

(if primary) Na2Cr2O7/H+

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40
Q

What are the conditions when making a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?

A

Heat under reflux + excess oxidising agent

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41
Q

What is the mechanism when making a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?

A

Oxidation

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42
Q

What are the reagents when making an ester from a carboxylic acid?

A

Alcohol +. H2SO4

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43
Q

What are the conditions when making an ester from a carboxylic acid?

A

Heat

44
Q

What is the mechanism when making an ester from a carboxylic acid?

A

Esterification

45
Q

What are the reagents when making a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

H2O

46
Q

What are the conditions when making a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

Room temperature

47
Q

What is the mechanism when making a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

Nucleophilic addition / elimination

48
Q

What are the reagents when making an ester from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

Alcohol

49
Q

What are the conditions when making an ester from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

Room temperature

50
Q

What is the mechanism when making an ester from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

Nucleophilic addition / elimination

51
Q

What are the reagents when making a primary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

NH3

52
Q

What are the conditions when making a primary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

Room temperature

53
Q

What is the mechanism when making a primary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

Nucleophilic addition/elimination

54
Q

What are the reagents when making a secondary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

1º amine

55
Q

What are the conditions when making a secondary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

Room temperature

56
Q

What is the mechanism when making a secondary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?

A

Nucleophilic addition/elimination

57
Q

What are the reagents when making an ester from an alcohol?

A

Carboxylic acid + H2SO4

58
Q

What are the conditions when making an ester from an alcohol?

A

Heat

59
Q

What is the mechanism when making an ester from an alcohol?

A

Esterification

60
Q

What are the reagents when making a secondary amide from a 1º amine?

A

Acyl chloride

61
Q

What are the conditions when making a secondary amide from a 1º amine?

A

Room temperature

62
Q

What is the mechanism when making a secondary amide from a 1º amine?

A

Nucleophilic addition/elimination

63
Q

What are the reagents when making a 2º amine, 3º amine, quaternary amine from a 1º amine?

A

Halogenoalkane

64
Q

What is the mechanism when making a 2º amine, 3º amine, quaternary amine from a 1º amine?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

65
Q

What are the reagents when making a 1º amine from a nitrile?

A

LiAlH4

66
Q

What is the mechanism when making a 1º amine from a nitrile?

A

Reduction

67
Q

What are the reagents when making a 1º amine from a halogenoalkane?

A

Alcoholic NH3

68
Q

What are the conditions when making a 1º amine from a halogenoalkane?

A

Heat under pressure

69
Q

What is the mechanism when making a 1º amine from a halogenoalkane?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

70
Q

What are the reagents when making a nitrile from a halogenoalkane?

A

KCN in ethanol/ water mixture

71
Q

What are the conditions when making a nitrile from a halogenoalkane?

A

Heat under reflux

72
Q

What is the mechanism when making a nitrile from a halogenoalkane?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

73
Q

What are the reagents when making benzene-NO2 from benzene?

A

Conc nitric acid + conc sulphuric acid

74
Q

What is the mechanism when making benzene-NO2 from benzene?

A

Electrophilic substitution

75
Q

What are the reagents when making benzene-NH2 from benzene-NO2?

A

Sn and HCl

76
Q

What is the mechanism when making benzene-NH2 from benzene-NO2?

A

Reduction

77
Q

What are the reagents when making benzene-NH-CH3 from benzenes-NH2

A

CH3Cl

78
Q

What is the mechanism when making benzene-NH-CH3 from benzenes-NH2

A

Nucleophilic substitution

79
Q

What are the reagents when making benzene-NH-CO-CH3 from benzenes-NH2?

A

CH3COCl

80
Q

What is the mechanism when making benzene-NH-CO-CH3 from benzenes-NH2?

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

81
Q

What are the reagents when making benzene-CO-CH3 from benzene?

A

Acyl chloride in the presence of an anhydrous aliminium chloride catalyst.

82
Q

What is the mechanism when making benzene-CO-CH3 from benzene?

A

Electrophilic substitution

83
Q

What are the reagents when making benzene-C(OH)(CN)CH3 from benzene-CO-CH3?

A

NaCN + H2SO4

84
Q

What is the mechanism when making benzene-C(OH)(CN)CH3 from benzene-CO-CH3?

A

Nucleophilic addition

85
Q

What are the reagents when making benzene-C(OH)(CH3)(CH2-NH2) from benzene-C(OH)(CN)CH3?

A

LiAlH4

86
Q

What is the mechanism when making benzene-C(OH)(CH3)(CH2-NH2) from benzene-C(OH)(CN)CH3?

A

Reduction

87
Q

What are the reagents when making benzene-CH(OH)Ch3 from benzene-CO-CH3?

A

NaBH4

88
Q

What is the mechanism when making benzene-CH(OH)CH3 from benzene-CO-CH3?

A

Reduction, Nucleophilic addition

89
Q

What are the reagents when making benzene-CH(CH3)(O-CO-CH3) from benzene-CH(OH)CH3?

A

CH3CO2H + H2SO4

90
Q

What are the conditions when making benzene-CH(CH3)(O-CO-CH3) from benzene-CH(OH)CH3?

A

Heat

91
Q

What is the mechanism when making benzene-CH(CH3)(O-CO-CH3) from benzene-CH(OH)CH3?

A

Esterification

92
Q

Why are the use of solvents generally avoided?

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

93
Q

What is distillation used for?

A

In general used as a separation technique to separate an organic product from its reacting mixture. Need to collect the distillate of the approximate boiling point range of the desired liquid.

94
Q

Using distillation for the reaction of a primary alcohol -> aldehyde:

What are the reagents?

What are the conditions?

What are the observations?

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

95
Q

Draw and label a diagram of distillation apparatus.

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

96
Q

What is reflux used for?

A

Reflux is used when eating organic reaction mixture for long periods. The condenser prevents organic vapours from escaping by condensing them back to liquids.

97
Q

Why should you never seal the end of the condenser in a reflux apparatus?

A

As the build up of gas pressure could cause the apparatus to explode. This is true of any apparatus were volatile liquids are heated.

98
Q

Using reflux for the reaction of a primary alcohol -> carboxylic acid:

What are the reagents?

What are the conditions?

What are the observations?

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

99
Q

Draw and label a diagram of reflux apparatus.

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

100
Q

Why are anti-bumping granules added to both distillation and reflux apparatus?

A

To prevent vigorous, uneven boiling by making small bubbles form instead or large bubbles.

101
Q

Why are electric heaters often used to heat organic chemicals?

A

Organic chemicals are normally highly flammable and could set on fire with a naked flame.

102
Q

Describe the method for fractional distillation in the lab.

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

103
Q

Draw and label the apparatus for fractional distillation in the lab.

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

104
Q

How can we measure boiling point?

A

Distillation, used to determine the purity of a liquid.

see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide

105
Q

What is fractional distillation used for?

A

Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids with different boiling points.

106
Q

Identify the general method for how you would purify an organic liquid using a separating funnel.

A

(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)

Chemistry (36 decks)

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