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Unit 7 History > 31.4 > Flashcards

31.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Nassar Generation trying to do?

A

Build a strong nation in the Middle East even though they were rich in oil and other natural resources

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2
Q

What groups tried to stop the Nassar Generation?

A

Internal division and autocratic governments

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3
Q

What is the middle east?

A

A region stretching to Egypt, Iran, Arabian Peninsula, and Turkey

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4
Q

What were the religions in the middle east? Who was the majority? Who dominated in Israel?

A
  • Muslims (Majority)
  • Jewish (dominant in Israel)
  • Christians
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5
Q

What two countries carved ME into mandates or dependencies?

A

Britain and France

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6
Q

What countries did these mandates turn into?

A
  • Iraq
  • Syria
  • Lebanon
  • Jordan
  • Israel
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7
Q

Who were the Kurds?

A

Ethnic group in the North Middle East (it was a minority in all countries)

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8
Q

What did the Kurds face? (Especially in Turkey and Iraq)

A
  • Discrimination
  • Brutal Treatment
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9
Q

What did the Kurds do in the early 1970s?

A

Rebels fought Turkish forces and many Kurds died

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10
Q

When did Kurds give up the violence w Turkey?

A

1999 though tensions still remained

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11
Q

What war was Iraq defeated in?

A

1991 Gulf War

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12
Q

What did the Kurds do after Iraq’s defeat in 1991?

A

They rebelled and set up their own government

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13
Q

Who supported the Kurds and their new government? (two countries)

A
  • US
  • Britain
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14
Q

What did Britain support as part of the mandate?

A

Jewish homeland (Palenstine)

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15
Q

Who accepted the Palestine plan and who rejected it?

A
  • Arabs (rejected)
  • Jews (accepted)
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16
Q

Why did Arabs not want to give up Palestine?

A

Because they thought it belonged to them

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17
Q

When did Britain withdraw from Pal?

A

1948

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18
Q

What did the Arabs do after the Jews claimed Israel?

A

They declared war against Jews but they lost

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19
Q

How did the Jews develop rapidly in Israel?

A
  • Skilled workers
  • Force
  • Growing businesses
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20
Q

What did Kibbutzim do?

A

Developed crops for export

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21
Q

What is a Kibbutz?

A

Collective farm

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22
Q

Conflicts in 1948 created what?

A

Refugee problems

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23
Q

Many Pal Arabs fled homes in where?

A

Israel

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24
Q

What did the UN set up to try and solve refugee problems?

A

Camps in surrounding areas to house refugees

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25
Q

What kind of government ruled most of the ME?

A

Autocratic

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26
Q

In some countries who seized power?

A

Nationalist military leaders

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27
Q

What kind of government system is in Jordan and Saudi Arabia?

A

Hereditary Monarchy

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28
Q

What kind of government is in Turkey and Israel?

A

Multiparty Democracy

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29
Q

What led to ME trade with US?

A

Their rich oil resources

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30
Q

Oil rich countries were apart of what organization? When was it founded?

A

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting (OPEC) founded in the 1960s

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31
Q

What did OPEC do in 1973? (hurt the US)

A

Stopped supplying the US with oil because of their support of Israel

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32
Q

What did some ME countries adopt?

A

Western forms of secular

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33
Q

What does secular mean?

A

Non religious governments and laws and separating the government from religion

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34
Q

What did some cities in the ME adapt to?

A

US lifestyle

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35
Q

What did the Muslim leaders call for a return to in the 1970s?

A

Return to Sharia (Islamic law)

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36
Q

What do conservative reformers (or Islamists) blame all social and economic ills on?

A

Following the West

37
Q

What do Islamists feel the only way to save to economy is?

A

Returning to the Islamic Doctrine

38
Q

What does doctrine mean?

A

Teachings of thoughts or beliefs

39
Q

What did many urban women give up in some countries?

A

The traditions hejab

40
Q

What is a hijab?

A

A traditions Muslim headscarf and wearing loose fitting ankle length garments to conceal

41
Q

Where were women required to wear Hejabs?

A
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Iran
42
Q

Why were women less likely to attend school in Islamic countries?

A

Because of the idea that women are supposed to be wives and others

43
Q

What country has the largest population of the Arab nations and lives along the Nile?

A

Egypt

44
Q

What country does Egypt share a border with?

A

Israel

45
Q

What canal does Egypt control?

A

Suez Canal

46
Q

What countries does the Suez Canal connect?

A
  • East Africa
  • Asia
  • Europe
47
Q

What did Gamal Abdel Nasser do in 1952?

A

He seized power from Egypt with the goal to modernize and get rid of Wester domination

48
Q

What did Nasser do to the canal in 1956?

A

He nationalized it ending Britain and France control`

49
Q

How did Britain and France react to the canal?

A

Attacked w military until US and SU forced them to withdrawl

50
Q

What did Nasser lead against Israel?

A

2 unsuccessful wars

51
Q

Because the US supported Israel who did Egypt look for support in?

A

SU

52
Q

Who was the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel?

A

1979 Nasser’s successor Anwar Sadat

53
Q

Was did Sadat do with Soviet ties?

A

He weakened them and sought US aid

54
Q

What did Islamist speak about to end poverty?

A

Undemocratic failure

55
Q

Who killed Sadat in 1981?

A

Muslim fundamentalists

56
Q

Who was Sadat’s successor and what did extremists do under his rule?

A

Hosni Mubarak and extremists went to terrorism and that led to more support for the Islamists

57
Q

What do vast oil fields focus on?

A

Cold War interests

58
Q

What did Iran ruler Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi favor?

A

West but he faced nationalist critics

59
Q

Who were the critics led by?

A

Mohammad Mosaddeq

60
Q

Who was elected Prime Minister in 1951?

A

Mosaddeq

61
Q

What did Mosaddeq do when he was PM?

A

Nationalized foreign owned oil industy

62
Q

With US aid what did Shah do?

A

Outran Mosaddeq and returned oil industry to Western control and Iranians were outraged

63
Q

What did Shah use the oil wealth for?

A

Give land to peasants and build the industry

64
Q

What did Shah give to women?

A

New rights

65
Q

What did Shahs secret police do?

A

Terrorized the growing population of critics

66
Q

Who did Shahs foes rally behind?

A

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

67
Q

The Aya. (religious leader) condemned what?

A

Western Influence

68
Q

What did foes accuse Shah of?

A

Violating Islamic Law

69
Q

Khom and supporters proclaimed what?

A

An Islamic republic

70
Q

What New gov was a…

A

Theocracy

71
Q

What is theocracy?

A

Government ruled by religious leaders

72
Q

Country ran on what law?

A

Islamic

73
Q

What did Islamist seize in 1979?

A

American embassy in the capital where they held 52 hostages for a year

74
Q

Islamists faces a war with what country?

A

Iraq and they still had tense relations with the US

75
Q

What did the US accuse Iran of backing up?

A

Terrorists

76
Q

What did the US accuse Iraq of after 2003?

A
  • Providing fighter weapons against US
  • Developing nuclear weapons
77
Q

Who had the worlds largest oil reserves?

A

Saudi Arabia

78
Q

Who has ruled Saudi Arabia since the 1920s?

A

Sa’ud kings

79
Q

How was the kings rule justified?

A

By strict loyalty to Wahhabi sect of Sunni Islam

80
Q

What did Saudi Arabia economic development relied on what?

A

Oil exports to the West

81
Q

What did the US give S Arabia in return?

A

Military support

82
Q

What did S Arabia do after they joined OPEC in 1973?

A

Pulled out and returned to their relations with the west

83
Q

What did the royals do to gain support?

A

They backed up fundamentalist religious leaders who critizezed relations with the west

84
Q

What did critics adopt?

A

Terrorist tactics

85
Q

What were some tactics critics used?

A
  • Attacking US mil compound in 1996
  • Attacked US consulate in 2004
86
Q

What did attacks threaten to disrupt?

A

Oil industry

87
Q

Who had similar struggles with the oil industry?

A

Monarchs along the Persian Gulf

88
Q

What is Bahrain?

A

A growing opposition (people who follow Shiite Islam) toward royal family (follow Sunni Islam)

Unit 7 History (3 decks)

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