3.1.2.5 Memory Models Flashcards
Information Processing
The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised
Input Stage
Information picked up by the senses from the sporting environment / display
Display
The sporting environment eg the pitch, teammates, the ball, the officials, the spectators etc
Receptor Systems
The senses that pick up information from the display: sight, auditory sense, touch, balance, kinesthesis
Kinesthesis
The inner senses that gives information about body position and muscular tension. Muscle receptors relay information about muscle tension and therefore body positioning
Proprioreceptors
The senses that provide internal information from within the body - detect body movement
External Senses
Hearing and sight = information collected from the environment
Internal Senses
Collectively known as proprioreceptors = provide intrinsic information about touch, balance and kinesthesis
Selective Attention
Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information
The Stages of Information Processing
- Input
- Decision Making
- DCR (Perceptual) - Detection, Comparison, Recognition
Decision Making
Based on information collected by the senses. Selective attention is important eg focusing on the movement of the ball (sight) and not the cheering from the crowd.
Stimuli
The important and relevant items of information from the display like the flight of the ball
Developing Selective Attention
Performers can enhance SA by learning to focus on the important information and utilising the stimuli. If the stimulus is made more memorable, bright and intense it will develop concentration. Eg using a brightly coloured ball.
The coach can make the performer train with distractions to learn to ignore irrelevant information. In 2014 the England Rugby Union Team prepared for the Six Nations by training with the Welsh National Anthem and other sounds often made by crowds. The players were told to concentrate on their communication and to ignore the noise of the crowd.
The performer becomes more alert to information when they are motivated, through positive feedback from coaches.
Mental practices helps when the performer runs through the upcoming task before it starts so they know what to concentrate on.
Benefits of selective attention
Improves reaction time eg if a tennis player picks up the flight of the ball early they can move towards the ball earlier
Improves chances of making a correct decision - can concentrate on detailed aspects of the task by ignoring irrelevant information
Helps the decision making process because the working memory has a limited attentional capacity and too much information impacts memory function.
Perception
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information
Translatory Mechanisms
Adapting and comparing coded information (from the moment) to memory so that decisions can be made
Information form the senses is adapted into an image that can be sent to the memory for comparison. Uses past experiences to link new information to old
Effector Mechanisms
The network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles
DCR
The perceptual stage of the information processing model - detection, comparison and recognition
Detection
The performer has picked up the relevant information and identified the information as important, using the senses and selective attention.
Comparison
Trying to match the identified important information to that already stored in the memory
Recognition
The performer has used information from the memory to identify an appropriate response
Baddeley and Hitch
Produced a model of the memory system
The Central Executive
The overall control centre of the working memory. It identifies the information that should be sent to each of the sub-systems of the working memory
