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AQA AS A-Level Biology (Rukia) > 3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides > Flashcards

3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides Flashcards

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1
Q

Name a structural polysaccharide

A

Cellulose (plant cell walls)

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2
Q

What happens during hydrolysis

A

A water molecule is taken in to break down a chain of molecules.

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3
Q

Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

A

Pentose

(CH2O)5

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4
Q

Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

A

Hexose

(CH2O)6

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5
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

Galactose

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6
Q

When many monosaccharides join together, they form a…

A

polysaccharide

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7
Q

Polysaccharides are large. This means that they are…

A

insoluble (will not dissolve)

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8
Q

Which elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

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9
Q

When 2 monosaccharides join together, they form a…

A

disaccharide

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10
Q

What happens during a condensation reaction?

A

A water molecule is released from the reacting molecules

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11
Q

How many covalent bonds does carbon make?

A

4

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12
Q

Which type of reaction takes place when two monosaccharides join together?

A

Condensation Reaction

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13
Q

A 4 carbon sugar is called a…

A

tetrose

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14
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

α-Glucose

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15
Q

Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

A

Tetrose

(CH2O)4

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16
Q

Name the bond that forms between two monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond

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17
Q

An individual biological molecule is called a…

A

monomer

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18
Q

Which type of reaction takes place when a disaccharide or polysaccharide is broken down?

A

Hydrolysis

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19
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

Fructose

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20
Q

Name 3 common disaccharides

A

Maltose (glucose + glucose)

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Lactose (glucose + galactose)

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21
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but whose molecules are arranged differently.

22
Q

Long chains of repeating molecules are called…

A

polymers

23
Q

A 6 carbon sugar is called a…

A

hexose

24
Q

Glucose + Fructose –> _________

A

Glucose + Fructose –> Sucrose

25
Q

A 3 carbon sugar is called a…

A

triose

26
Q

The general chemical formula of a monosaccharide is…

A

(CH2O)n where n is the number of carbon atoms.

27
Q

Glucose + Glucose –> _________

A

Glucose + Glucose –> Maltose

28
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

β-Glucose

29
Q

A 7 carbon sugar is called a…

A

heptose

30
Q

Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

A

Heptose

(CH2O)7

31
Q

A 5 carbon sugar is called a…

A

pentose

32
Q

A molecule containing carbon is called an…

A

organic molecule

33
Q

An individual sugar molecule is called a…

A

monosaccharide

34
Q

Name 4 common hexose monomers

A

α-Glucose

β-Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

35
Q

Name 2 common storage polysaccharides

A

Glycogen

Starch

36
Q

Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

A

Triose

(CH2O)3

37
Q

Which 4 elements make up most biological molecules?

A

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

38
Q

Glucose + Galactose –> _________

A

Glucose + Galactose –> Lactose

39
Q

Polysaccharides are used in cells for _____________ and ____________

A

Storage (energy)

Structure (cell walls)

40
Q

name the monomer that makes up maltose

A

glucose

41
Q

sucrose hydrolysis produces..

A

fructose and

glucose

42
Q

How is starch related to its function?

A
  • Helical shape - coils held by hydrogen bonds between OH groups on inward side of polysacharide chain. So lots of energy stored in small space.
  • Large (molecule)/insoluble so it doesn’t affect the water potential of cell and draw water in by osmosis
  • Large (molecule) so cannot diffuse out of cell/cross cell-surface membrane
  • Hydrolysed into a-glucose monosaccharides which easily transported around plant and important subunit of respiration
  • Branched so glucose is (easily) released for respiration by enzymes
43
Q

How is the structure of cellulose suited to its function?

A

Long, straight/unbranched chains of β glucose

The β glucose alternates by 180 each time

Causing hydrogen bonds to form between chains

One H bond is weak but collectively they are strong

Many chains form (micro/macro)fibrils

Provides rigidity/strength.

44
Q

What other enzyme is required for the complete digestion of starch?

A

amylase and maltase

45
Q

Give 2 differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen

A

celluose molecules straight chains;glycogen branched

cellulose beta glucose;glycogen alpha glucose

celluose molecules straight chains; glycogen coiled

celluose has only 1, 4 glycosidic bonds; glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds

46
Q

Desccribe and explain 2 features of starch that makes it a good storage molecule

A

coiled/helical making it compact

insoluble so does not affect the WP of cells

LArge so cant cross the cell membrane

Branched so more ends for enzyme action

47
Q

test which tests for starch?

A

iodine

48
Q

Describe how lactose is formed

A

glucose and galactose

join by condensation reaction

through a glycosidic bond

49
Q

What is the role of cellulose in maintaining cell turgidity?

A

Cellulose exerts inward pressure that stops more water from diffusing into cell by osmosis. Prevents osmotic lysis (i.e cell bursting) and helps keep cell rigid.

50
Q

Why is it important that plant cells are turgid?

A

Cell turgodity maximises the surface area of leaves which increases rate of photosynthesis.

AQA AS A-Level Biology (Rukia) (43 decks)

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