3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides

Question 1

Name a structural polysaccharide

Answer 1

Cellulose (plant cell walls)

Question 2

What happens during hydrolysis

Answer 2

A water molecule is taken in to break down a chain of molecules.

Question 3

Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

Answer 3

Pentose

(CH₂O)₅

Question 4

Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

Answer 4

Hexose

(CH₂O)₆

Question 5

Identify the monosaccharide

Answer 5

Galactose

Question 6

When many monosaccharides join together, they form a…

Answer 6

polysaccharide

Question 7

Polysaccharides are large. This means that they are…

Answer 7

insoluble (will not dissolve)

Question 8

Which elements make up carbohydrates?

Answer 8

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Question 9

When 2 monosaccharides join together, they form a…

Answer 9

disaccharide

Question 10

What happens during a condensation reaction?

Answer 10

A water molecule is released from the reacting molecules

Question 11

How many covalent bonds does carbon make?

Answer 11

4

Question 12

Which type of reaction takes place when two monosaccharides join together?

Answer 12

Condensation Reaction

Question 13

A 4 carbon sugar is called a…

Answer 13

tetrose

Question 14

Identify the monosaccharide

Answer 14

α-Glucose

Question 15

Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

Answer 15

Tetrose

(CH₂O)₄

Question 16

Name the bond that forms between two monosaccharides

Answer 16

Glycosidic bond

Question 17

An individual biological molecule is called a…

Answer 17

monomer

Question 18

Which type of reaction takes place when a disaccharide or polysaccharide is broken down?

Answer 18

Hydrolysis

Question 19

Identify the monosaccharide

Answer 19

Fructose

Question 20

Name 3 common disaccharides

Answer 20

Maltose (glucose + glucose)

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Lactose (glucose + galactose)

Question 21

What is an isomer?

Answer 21

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but whose molecules are arranged differently.

Question 22

Long chains of repeating molecules are called…

Answer 22

polymers

Question 23

A 6 carbon sugar is called a…

Answer 23

hexose

Question 24

Glucose + Fructose –> _________

Answer 24

Glucose + Fructose –> Sucrose

Question 25

A 3 carbon sugar is called a...

Answer 25

triose

Question 26

The general chemical formula of a monosaccharide is...

Answer 26

(CH₂O)*_n *where *n* is the number of carbon atoms.

Question 27

Glucose + Glucose --\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 27

Glucose + Glucose --\> Maltose

Question 28

Identify the monosaccharide

Answer 28

β-Glucose

Question 29

A 7 carbon sugar is called a...

Answer 29

heptose

Question 30

Name the type of monosaccharide Give its formula

Answer 30

Heptose (CH₂O)₇

Question 31

A 5 carbon sugar is called a...

Answer 31

pentose

Question 32

A molecule containing carbon is called an...

Answer 32

organic molecule

Question 33

An individual sugar molecule is called a...

Answer 33

monosaccharide

Question 34

Name 4 common hexose monomers

Answer 34

α-Glucose β-Glucose Galactose Fructose

Question 35

Name 2 common storage polysaccharides

Answer 35

Glycogen Starch

Question 36

Name the type of monosaccharide Give its formula

Answer 36

Triose (CH₂O)₃

Question 37

Which 4 elements make up most biological molecules?

Answer 37

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Question 38

Glucose + Galactose --\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 38

Glucose + Galactose --\> Lactose

Question 39

Polysaccharides are used in cells for _____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 39

Storage (energy) Structure (cell walls)

Question 40

name the monomer that makes up maltose

Answer 40

glucose

Question 41

sucrose hydrolysis produces..

Answer 41

fructose and glucose

Question 42

How is starch related to its function?

Answer 42

- Helical shape - coils held by hydrogen bonds between OH groups on inward side of polysacharide chain. So lots of energy stored in small space. - Large (molecule)/insoluble so it doesn't affect the water potential of cell and draw water in by osmosis - Large (molecule) so cannot diffuse out of cell/cross cell-surface membrane - Hydrolysed into a-glucose monosaccharides which easily transported around plant and important subunit of respiration - Branched so glucose is (easily) released for respiration by enzymes

Question 43

How is the structure of cellulose suited to its function?

Answer 43

Long, straight/unbranched chains of β glucose The β glucose alternates by 180 each time Causing hydrogen bonds to form between chains One H bond is weak but collectively they are strong Many chains form (micro/macro)fibrils Provides rigidity/strength.

Question 44

What other enzyme is required for the complete digestion of starch?

Answer 44

amylase and maltase

Question 45

Give 2 differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen

Answer 45

celluose molecules straight chains;glycogen branched cellulose beta glucose;glycogen alpha glucose celluose molecules straight chains; glycogen coiled celluose has only 1, 4 glycosidic bonds; glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds

Question 46

Desccribe and explain 2 features of starch that makes it a good storage molecule

Answer 46

coiled/helical making it compact insoluble so does not affect the WP of cells LArge so cant cross the cell membrane Branched so more ends for enzyme action

Question 47

test which tests for starch?

Answer 47

iodine

Question 48

Describe how lactose is formed

Answer 48

glucose and galactose join by condensation reaction through a glycosidic bond

Question 49

What is the role of cellulose in maintaining cell turgidity?

Answer 49

Cellulose exerts inward pressure that stops more water from diffusing into cell by osmosis. Prevents osmotic lysis (i.e cell bursting) and helps keep cell rigid.

Question 50

Why is it important that plant cells are turgid?

Answer 50

Cell turgodity maximises the surface area of leaves which increases rate of photosynthesis.