3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides Flashcards
Name a structural polysaccharide
Cellulose (plant cell walls)
Identify the monosaccharide
Galactose
Which elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
When 2 monosaccharides join together, they form a…
disaccharide
What happens during a condensation reaction?
A water molecule is released from the reacting molecules
How many covalent bonds does carbon make?
4
Which type of reaction takes place when two monosaccharides join together?
Condensation Reaction
Polysaccharides are large. This means that they…
are insoluble (will not dissolve)
Cannot escape from the cell
Identify the monosaccharide
α-Glucose
What happens during hydrolysis
A water molecule reacts with a polymer to break it down.
Name the bond that forms between two monosaccharides
Glycosidic bond
An individual unit of a biological molecule is called a…
monomer
Which type of reaction takes place when a disaccharide or polysaccharide is broken down?
Hydrolysis
Identify the monosaccharide
Fructose
Name 3 common disaccharides
Maltose (alpha glucose + alpha glucose)
Sucrose (alpha glucose + fructose)
Lactose (alpha glucose + galactose)
What is an isomer?
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but whose atoms are arranged differently.
Long chains of repeating molecules are called…
polymers
A 6 carbon sugar is called a…
hexose
Glucose + Fructose –> _________
Glucose + Fructose –> Sucrose
A 3 carbon sugar is called a…
triose
The general chemical formula of a monosaccharide is…
(CH2O)n where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Alpha Glucose + Alpha Glucose –> _________
Alpha Glucose + Alpha Glucose –> Maltose
Identify the monosaccharide
β-Glucose
When many monosaccharides join together, they form a…
polysaccharide
A molecule containing carbon is called an…
organic molecule
An individual sugar molecule is called a…
monosaccharide
Name 4 common hexose monomers
α-Glucose
β-Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Name 2 common storage polysaccharides
Glycogen
Starch
Which 4 elements make up most biological molecules?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Alpha Glucose + Galactose –> _________
Alpha Glucose + Galactose –> Lactose
Polysaccharides are used in cells for _____________ and ____________
Storage (energy)
Structure (cell walls)
Name the monomer that makes up maltose
2 x alpha glucose
sucrose hydrolysis produces..
fructose and
alpha glucose
How is starch related to its function?
- Helical/ spiral shape so compact;
- Large (molecule)/insoluble so osmotically inactive;
- Branched so glucose is (easily) released for respiration;
- Large (molecule) so cannot leave cell/cross cell-surface membrane;
How is the structure of cellulose suited to its function?
Long, straight/unbranched chains of β glucose;
Joined by hydrogen bonding;
To form (micro/macro)fibrils;
Provides rigidity/strength;
Which enzymes are required for the complete digestion of starch?
amylase and maltase
Give 2 differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen
celluose molecules straight chains;glycogen branched
cellulose beta glucose;glycogen alpha glucose
celluose molecules straight chains; glycogen coiled
celluose has only 1, 4 glycosidic bonds; glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds
Desccribe and explain 2 features of starch that makes it a good storage molecule
coiled/helical making it compact
insoluble so does not affect the water potential of cells
Large so can’t cross the cell membrane
Branched so more ends for enzyme action
Name the chemical which tests for starch?
iodine
Describe how lactose is formed
alpha glucose and galactose
join by condensation reaction
through a glycosidic bond
