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OCR A level Biology > 3.1.2: Transport in animals > Flashcards

3.1.2: Transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what needs to be transported around the body?

A

oxygen, nutrients (glucose) and waste products (urea)

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2
Q

what does the transport consist of in mammals?

A

blood, heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

why do simple organisms, like jellyfish, not need a transport system?

A

they have a large surface area to volume ratio so diffusion is sufficient

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4
Q

what factors affect the need for a circulatory system?

A

-size
-level of activity
-surface area to volume ratio

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5
Q

why does size affect the need for a circulatory system?

A

Several layers in a cell prevent fast diffusion, this means diffusion is not sufficient for needs due to the increased distance. In lots of organisms hormones/ enzymes are made in one place and needed in another and waste from cells need to travel to excretory organs which is why a cell may need a circulatory system.

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6
Q

why does the level of activity affect the need for a circulatory system?

A

-active animals require more oxygen for respiration
-oxygen must be delivered quickly if the organism is metabolically active

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7
Q

why does surface area to volume ratio affect the need for a circulatory system?

A

Large multicellular organisms have a smaller surface area: volume ratio so SA is not large enough to absorb/remove substances.

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8
Q

do unicellular organisms require transport systems?

A

no

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9
Q

why do unicellular organisms not require transport systems?

A

the singe cell can exchange substances with its external environment

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10
Q

do multicellular organisms require transport systems?

A

yes

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11
Q

why do multicellular organisms require transport systems?

A

cells are a greater distance from their external environments so require transport systems to ensure efficient exchange of substances

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12
Q

what is a mass transport system?

A

a system where substances are transported in a mass of fluid

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13
Q

what is the transport system of an animal called?

A

a circulatory system

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14
Q

what are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

an open circulatory system or a closed circulatory system

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15
Q

what are the three components of a circulatory system?

A

-the pump (heart)
-transport medium (blood)
-interconnecting vessels (blood vessels)

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16
Q

what are the types of closed circulatory system?

A

-single closed circulatory system
-double closed circulatory system

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17
Q

describe a closed circulatory system

A

-blood is confined to vessels
-heart pumps blood into vessels which branch off and infiltrate organs
-chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid then interstitial fluid and cells
-widespread among animals

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18
Q

describe an open circulatory system

A

-few vessels so organs are bathed directly
-contains haemolymph
-contains haemocoel
-body movements can help circulate haemolymph
-heart extends length of thorax and abdomen

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19
Q

what is haemolymph?

A

insect blood/ interstitial fluid

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20
Q

what is haemocoel?

A

the insect body cavity

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21
Q

where are open circulatory systems found?

A

insects and some molluscs

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22
Q

describe haemolymph (insect blood)

A

blood doesn’t carry oxygen or carbon dioxide instead it just transports food and nitrogenous waste and cells for defense against diseases

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23
Q

what makes up a double closed circulatory system?

A

two circuits, two pumps (in one organ)

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24
Q

what are the two circuits that make up a double closed circulatory system?

A

-pulmonary circuit
-systemic circuit

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25
Q

describe the pulmonary circuit

A

-right side of heart delivers oxygen poor blood to capillaries of gas exchange tissue
-oxygen into blood and carbon dioxide out of blood
-oxygen enriched blood leaves gas exchange tissue and enters left side of the heart

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26
Q

describe the systemic circuit

A

-the left side of the heart delivers oxygen rich blood to capillary beds in organs and tissues
-oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients are exchanged
-oxygen poor blood returns to right side of the heart

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27
Q

describe a single closed circulatory system

A

-heart has two chambers: atrium and ventricle
-blood passes through heart once in a complete circuit
-blood passes from atrium to ventricle
-blood then leaves heart and travels through two capillary beds: one where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged and one where substances are exchanged between blood and cells
-blood pressure drops substantially as it travels through capillary bed (blood flow back to the heart is slow)
-as animals muscles relax and contract, pace of circulation increases

28
Q

how can fish be so active with a single circulatory system?

A

single closed circulatory system normally limits animals to low levels of activity but fish are the exception as they have such an efficient single closed system- they have a counter current gas exchange system (blood can pick up more oxygen)

29
Q

what are the different blood vessels?

A

-arteries
-arterioles
-capillaries
-veins
-venules

30
Q

what are the major components of blood vessels?

A

-elastic fibres
-smooth muscle
-collagen

31
Q

what are elastic fibres composed of?

A

elastin

32
Q

where are elastic fibres found in blood vessels?

A

inner layer of blood vessel

33
Q

what’s the function of elastic fibres in blood vessels?

A

they can stretch and recoil providing vessels with flexibility

34
Q

what’s the function of smooth muscle in blood vessels?

A

contracts and relaxes changing the size of the lumen

35
Q

where is smooth muscle found in blood vessels?

A

inner layer of blood vessel

36
Q

what is the function of collagen in blood vessels?

A

provides structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the lumen

37
Q

where is collagen found in the blood vessel?

A

outer layer of blood vessel

38
Q

what direction do arteries carry blood in?

A

away from the heart

39
Q

what kind of blood do arteries carry?

A

mostly oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary artery and umbilical artery in pregnancy

40
Q

what are arteries made of?

A

elastic fibre, smooth muscle and collagen

41
Q

what are the function of elastic fibres in arteries?

A

withstand force of blood and recoil between contractions to give a continuous flow of blood

42
Q

what is the function of collagen in arteries?

A

elastic limit is maintained by collagen

43
Q

what is the lining of the artery called?

A

tunica intima

44
Q

describe the lining of the artery

A

it’s smooth

45
Q

what do arterioles link?

A

link arteries to capillaries

46
Q

what are the arterioles made of?

A

more smooth muscle than elastin

47
Q

what’s the function of the arterioles?

A

they constrict and dilate in processes called vasoconstriction and vasodilation- this controls the volume of blood that enters into capillary beds in individual organs

48
Q

what are capillaries?

A

microscopic vessels

49
Q

what do capillaries form?

A

a dense network of bodily tissues

50
Q

where are capillaries found?

A

between arterioles and venules

51
Q

what are the size of the lumen in capillaries?

A

narrow lumen

52
Q

what’s the function of narrow lumen in capillaries?

A

only allow one red blood cell through at a time

53
Q

what’s the name of the single celled walls that line capillaries?

A

endothelial walls

54
Q

what’s the function of endothelial walls in capillaries?

A

substances are exchanged through endothelial walls

55
Q

do capillaries have a large surface area?

A

yes

56
Q

why do capillaries have a large surface area?

A

for quicker rates of diffusion

57
Q

what do venules link?

A

link capillaries to veins

58
Q

what are the characteristics of venules?

A

have very thin walls with just a little smooth muscle

59
Q

what do several venules join to form?

A

a vein

60
Q

what direction do veins carry blood in?

A

to the heart

61
Q

what kind of blood do veins transport?

A

usually deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein and the umbilical vein during pregnancy

62
Q

what’s the blood pressure like in veins?

A

very low blood pressure

63
Q

what do the walls of veins contain?

A

lots of collagen and very little elastic fibre

64
Q

what size lumens do veins have?

A

large lumen

65
Q

what is the name of the lining of the vein?

A

endothelium

66
Q

why do veins need adaptations?

A

to transport the low pressure blood against gravity

67
Q

what are the adaptations of veins?

A

-one way valve which prevents backflow of blood
-large veins are located close to muscles, these muscles help to force blood upwards upon contraction
-the breathing movements of the chest act as a pump which pushes blood towards the chest

OCR A level Biology (1 decks)

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