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A LEVEL BIO > 3.1.2 CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

3.1.2 CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

explain the difference in the structure of a cellulose and starch molecule (2 marks):

A
  1. Starch formed from Alpha glucose, cellulose formed from Beta glucose
  2. Position of hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on carbon atom- inverted
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2
Q

Explain one way in which starch molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells (2 marks):

A
  1. Starch is insoluble- doesn’t affect water potential
  2. Helical structure- makes it compact
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3
Q

Explain how cellulose molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells (3 marks):

A
  1. Long and straight chained
  2. Linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils
  3. Provides strength to cell wall
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4
Q

examples of hexoses:

A
  1. A- glucose
  2. B- glucose
  3. Fructose
  4. Galactose
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5
Q

Examples of pentoses:

A
  • ribose
  • deoxyribose
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6
Q

Example of a triose:

A

Glyceraldehyde

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7
Q

Reducing sugars test:

A
  1. Benedict’s solution
  2. Heat in a water bath
  3. If present then will turn brick red
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8
Q

Monosaccharide constituents of sucrose:

A

A- glucose and A- fructose

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9
Q

Monosaccharide constituents of lactose:

A

A- glucose + B- galactose

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10
Q

Monosaccharide constituents of maltose:

A

A glucose + A glucose
- because it is made out of two A- glucose this makes it a reducing sugar

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11
Q

Condensation reaction process:

A
  1. New water molecule is released
  2. New covalent bond is formed
  3. Larger molecule is formed by bonding smaller molecules together
  4. The covalent bond that is formed is called a GLYCOSIDIC BOND
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12
Q

Hydrolosis reaction process:

A
  1. Requires water
  2. Breaks down larger biological molecules into their smaller components- adds a water molecule
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13
Q

Compare and contrast the structure of starch and the structure of cellulose (6 marks):

A
  1. Both glucose polymers
  2. Both contain glycosylic bonds
  3. Both contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only
  4. Both contain glucose
  5. Cellulose contains beta- glucose
  6. Starch is coiled/ cellulose is straight
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14
Q

What is starch?

A

The storage polysaccharide of plants

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15
Q

Where is starch stored?

A

Stored as granules in plastids (e.g. chloroplasts)

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16
Q

What is starch made out of?

A

Alpha-glucose and monosaccharides

17
Q

What kind of bond does starch have?

A

]glycosidic bond

18
Q

What kind of bond does starch have?

A

1,4 glycosidic bond

19
Q

Does starch take more or less time to digest than glucose?

A

Takes longer due to the many monomers in a starch molecule

20
Q

Does starch take more or less time to digest than glucose?

A

Takes longer due to the many monomers in a starch molecule

21
Q

What are the two polysaccharides that starch is constructed from?

A
  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin
22
Q

What type of structure and glycosidic bond is in amylose?

A
  • 1,4 glycosidic bond between 2 a-glucose molecules
  • helix shape- unbranded chain can be coupled tightly and is therefore more resistant to digestion
23
Q

What structure and glycosidic bonds does amylopectin have?

A
  • 1,4 glycosidic bonds between a-glucose molecules but ALSO, 1,6 glycosidic bonds form between glucose molecules.
  • This creates a BRANCHED molecule
24
Q

Advantages of a branched starch molecule:

A

May results in many terminal glucose molecules that can be easily hydrolysed for use during cellular respiration or added for storage

25
Q

What is glycogen (and its structure)?

A
  • the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi
  • highly branched, not coiled
26
Q

Is glycogen more or less branched than amylopectin?

A

More branched, making it more compact, helps animals to store more

27
Q

What is cellulose?

A
  • a polysaccharide
28
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Macromolecules that are polymers formed by many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction to form chains

29
Q

Is cellulose soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble because polysaccharides are insoluble in water

30
Q

Structure of cellulose:

A
  • polymer consisting of long chains of B- glucose joined together with 1,4 glycosidic bonds
31
Q

How do the 1,4 glycosidic bonds between two B, glucose molecules form?

A
  • Glucose molecules must be rotated to 180 degrees to each other
  • Due to this inversion, many hydrogen bonds form between the long chains giving cellulose it’s strength
32
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Main structural component of cell walls due to its strength which is a result of the many hydrogen bonds found between the parallel chains of micro fibrils

A LEVEL BIO (17 decks)

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