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Mr Ellis BIOLOGY > 3.11. ATP > Flashcards

3.11. ATP Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ATP mean?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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2
Q

What do cells require energy for?

A
  • Synthesis of molecules e.g. protein synthesis
  • Transport of molecules or ions e.g. vesicles from golgi to plasma
  • Cellular movement e.g. contraction of cardiac muscle cells
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3
Q

Why do cells require energy?

A

energy has to be transferred to cellular processes in the right form and right amount.

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4
Q

What is ATP?

A

The intermediary between energy-yielding and energy-requiring cellular reactions.

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5
Q

What does energy-yielding mean?

A

Transferring energy out of molecules

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6
Q

What does energy-requiring mean?

A

Transferring energy into molecules

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7
Q

What does MRS NERG stand for?

A

M-ovement
R-espiration
S-ensors
N-utrients
E-xcretion
R-eproduction
G-rowth

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8
Q

What is MRS NERG used to describe?

A

Cellular processes that give out or require ATP

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9
Q

What are the main components of ATP?

A
  • proposed as a universal energy currency
  • classified as a NucleoSide Triphosphate
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10
Q

Who proposed ATP was a universal energy currency?

A

Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941

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11
Q

What are the components that classify ATP as a nucleoside triphosphate?

A
  • nitrogenous base (adenine)
  • sugar ribose
  • triphosphate (3 phosphate groups)
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12
Q

How is the nitrogenous base connected to the pentose sugar in a nucleoSide?

A

through a 1’ glycosidic bond

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13
Q

What is the difference between a nucleoTide and a nucleoSide?

A

NucleoTides are nucleoSides with ONE phosphate group connected to the 5’ carbon whereas NucleoSides have THREE phosphate groups.

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14
Q

What can ATP also be known as besides an adenosine triphosphate?

A

phosphorylated nucleoTide.

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15
Q

What happens when bonds are broken or made?

A

Broken = energy released
Made = energy required

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16
Q

What is the formula involving ATP and what type of reaction is it?

A

ATP + H20 —> ADP + Pi
This is a hydrolysis reaction.

17
Q

How much energy is released during the hydrolysis reaction?

A

30.6 kJ mol-1

18
Q

What does Pi mean?

A

inorganic phosphate (on its own)

19
Q

How does one identify each phosphate group?

A

1st = γ (gamma)
2nd = β (beta)
3rd = α (alpha)

20
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

Where the ATP formula can be reversed by condensation and made by hydrolysis

21
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

22
Q

How is ATP transferred in ADP + Pi?

A

The terminal γ phosphate requires little energy to break the weak bond holding it to the middle β phosphate - separating it from the rest and creating Pi.
- When this bond breaking is coupled to another chemical reaction that involves bond making, a large amount of energy is released.

23
Q

What is coupling?

A

When the ATP to ADP reaction occurs at the exact time as another bond making reaction - acts as a catalyst.

24
Q

What is the ratio of ATP to ADP?

A

Living cells maintain a ratio of ADP to ATP with ATP concentrations five-fold higher than concentration of ADP.
5:1

25
Q

What is the volume of ATP making mitochondria in a cell?

A

25% in a non-photosynthetic aerobic eukaryotic cell.

26
Q

Where is ATP production?

A

Mitochondria

27
Q

What are phosphate to phosphate bonds often referred to as?

A

High-energy bonds

28
Q

What are the main ATP properties that doesn’t allow for energy storage in cells?

A

Bonds between the phosphate groups (especially γ) are relatively weak. This means ATP is not used as long term energy stores.
- ATP is not stored in cells, but made and then consumed by cellular reactions (it is an immediate store of energy for cells as energy currency).

29
Q

What are alternate long term energy stores to ATP (an immediate store)?

A

lipids and carbohydrates

30
Q

Why is ATP soluble in water?

A

As dipoles allow ATP to bond to water molecules.
- This allows ATP to dissolve in the cytoplasm.
- ATP often bound to Mg2+ in the cytoplasm (magnesium ions)

31
Q

What does being small allow ATP to be?

A

Allows it to be easily transported around and between cells

32
Q

How does ATP being hydrolyzed allow energy transfer?

A

ATP can transfer appropriate amounts of energy into coupled reactions and not waste such energy as heat.

33
Q

How can ATP be easily regenerated?

A

As it can easily be remade from ADP and Pi by a condensation reaction.

34
Q

How much ATP is made in the human body a day?

A

The human body recycles its own body mass in ATP each day.

Mr Ellis BIOLOGY (36 decks)

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