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Vocabulary > 3.1-Parts 1-3 > Flashcards

3.1-Parts 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name all the types of evolution.

A

Microevolution

Macroevolution

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2
Q

The science that studies the change in distribution of traits within a species population (A.K.A. a gene pool).

A

Population genetics

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3
Q

Organisms that are so genetically similar that they have the potential to breed and produce are Viable (living) Fertile (able to reproduce eventually themselves).

A

Species

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4
Q

A population is defined by four criteria:

A

Same species of organism.
Located in the same location.
At the same time.
And showing signs of reproduction. (Offspring are present within the group.)

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5
Q

The geographical area within which a species can be found.

A

Geographic range

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6
Q

Which kind of Organisms (i.e. grey squirrels or humans) may have several populations that cover a wide range?

A

Common organisms

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7
Q

Which kind of organisms are global in range?

A

Humans

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8
Q

This is because we “are” what we “are” because of the genes that we inherit from our parents. You cannot change the DNA you were given from your biological parents but genetic mutations can occur randomly.

A

Populations evolve; not individuals.

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9
Q

Random changes that occur an organism’s DNA. Some help individuals survive in their environment and reproduce and some do not.

A

Mutations

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10
Q

If a mutation (change) occurs in the DNA of sex cells (gametes) of the parent(s) then changes can be inherited by whom?

A

The offspring

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11
Q

How many alleles are present at that time within the population.

A

Allele frequency

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12
Q

There is no change in frequency; no evolution is present (A state of equilibrium).

A

Fixed

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13
Q

Frequency is changing; evolution is occurring (A state of change over time).

A

Evolving

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14
Q

An _______ is a version of a gene, such as blue or brown for eye color.

A

allele

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15
Q

There are always at least _ alleles for a trait, sometimes ________.

A

2; several

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16
Q

_____________ is the process through which population change over time.

A

Evolution

17
Q

Which set of equations is used to follow allele frequency within a population (also considered a gene pool)?

A

Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

18
Q

If the numbers (rates) change from generation to generation, what is happening?

A

The population is evolving over time.

19
Q

If the numbers (rates) do not change from generation to generation, what is happening?

A

The population is not evolving over time and is then said to be in a state of equilibrium.

20
Q

(This equation is for alleles.)

A

Equation #1: p + q = 1 “p” refers to the “dominant” allele percentage and “q” refers to the recessive allele percentage. Together p + q percentages must equal 100% of the gene pool or 1.

21
Q

(This equation refers to the percent composition/number of organisms within the population (gene pool) at that time.) It is essentially a Punnett square, but in math format.

A

Equation #2: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 It is essentially a Punnett square, but in math format.
p2 = the homozygous dominant percentage of organisms within the population at that time.
2pq = the heterozygous percentage of organisms within the population at that time.
q2 = the homozygous recessive percentage of organisms within the population at that time.
All three must add up to 100% (1) of the population.

22
Q

Five conditions must be met for a population to be in Equilibrium:

A
  1. Large population must exist. (This dilutes any non-random processes that are occurring.)
  2. No migration in or out of the population is occurring at that time. (The population is not being influenced by outside environmental factors.)
  3. No mutations are occurring within the genome. (No random, unforeseen change due to an environmental stress.)
  4. Random mating is occurring (No preferences are being displayed for one trait over another trait…everyone is equal in fitness.)
  5. No natural selection is occurring in the population at this time. (Nature favors all equally in terms of fitness.)
23
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

Frequency not changing

24
Q

What does p2 =?

A

the homozygous dominant percentage of organisms within the population at that time.

25
Q

What does 2pq = ?

A

the heterozygous percentage of organisms within the population at that time.

26
Q

What does q2 = ?

A

the homozygous recessive percentage of organisms within the population at that time.

27
Q

The offspring that do survive will pass on, by reproduction useful variations to is offspring that will help the species better survive in their environment because the “weak” traits will eventually be removed by nature.

A

Natural Selection (A.K.A survival of the fittest)

28
Q

A species’ ability to produce more offspring tan the environment can support.

A

Overproduction

29
Q

Most offspring will not survive to adulthood due to:

A
  1. Predation
  2. Limited resources
  3. Disease
30
Q

Give an example of overproduction:

A

Clownfish can lay 600-1500 eggs per clutch and green sea turtles lay 75-200 eggs per clutch.

31
Q

The difference in traits within a given species or population

A

Variation

32
Q

Variations only come to existence with a change in the organism’s DNA, this change is known a s a what?

A

Mutation

33
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

34
Q

Why do mutations usually occur in somatic cells?

A

Because the cells are exposed to environmental stresses

35
Q

An adaptation is a specific variation that is or becomes a common trait within a population because it helps the species better survive in their environment

A

Adaptations

36
Q

Give an example of adaptation:

A

Clownfish are naturally slow swimmers because of their rounder caudal find that help them make quick darting movements. Over time, they have become resistant to the stings of the sea anemones in which they live because they secrete a mucus which coats and protects the body. This allows the fish to hide from predators and provides it with a safe place to live.

37
Q

What are adaptations that are formed over time as the preferred variation is inherited by offspring?

A

Natural Selection

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