3.1 Introduction to Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
Nutrition Overview
A
Obesity - BMI>30
Anorexia - Underweight
BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) is higher in males due to more muscle mass.
2
Q
Factors that increase BMR
A
- Growth
- Infections
- Fever
- Emotional Tension
- Extreme environment temperatures
- ## Elevated levels of certain hormones
3
Q
Factors that decrease BMR
A
- Aging
- Prolonged Fasting
- Sleep
4
Q
Energy Nutrients (Carbohydrates)
A
- Absorbs energy, prevents ketosis, absorbs water to increase fecal bulk, decreases intestinal transit time, lower serum cholesterol levels, and delay glucose absorption.
- Simple/Complex sugars and starches.
- Most abundant and least expensive source of calories in the world.
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- Converted to glucose for transport through the blood
- When cells oxidize glucose it is converted to energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
- Lactose is the only animal source of carbohydrates
5
Q
Energy Nutrients (Protein)
A
- Used for tissue growth, repair, fluid balance regulation, acid-base balance, detoxification of harmful substances, formation of antibodies, transportation of fat and other substances in blood. May provide energy when not enough carbohydrates.
- Required for formation of all body parts
- Animal protein is considered complete (high quality)
- Plant protein is considered incomplete (Low Quality)
- Protein tissue is constantly being broke down (catabolism) and replaced (anabolism)
- Daily allowance .8g/kg of body weight, and 10-35% of total calorie intake.
6
Q
Energy Nutrients (Lipids)
A
- Provide energy and structure, insulate body, cushion internal organs. Needed for absorption of fat soluble vitamins. (Insoluble in water or blood)
- 95% of fat is triglycerides. (Mixture of saturated (raise cholesterol levels) and unsaturated (lower cholesterol).
- Animal Fat - Saturated. Vegetable Fat - Unsaturated
- Digestion of fat happens in the small intestines.
- Lipids are the most concentrated source of energy
- Less than 10% of calories should come from saturated fat.
7
Q
Body Process Nutrients (Vitamins)
A
- Organic compounds needed by body in small amounts. (Most active as co-enzymes)
- Needed for metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Absorbed through intestinal wall.
- (Can be water soluble or fat soluble)
8
Q
Body Process Nutrients (Minerals)
A
- Inorganic elements found in all body tissue and fluid.
- Some regulate body process, others provide body structure.
- They are in the remains after digestion
- Macro-minerals (calcium, phosphorous, sulfur, sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium)
- Micro-minerals (iron, zinc, manganese, chromium, copper, molybdenum, selenium, fluoride, iodine)
9
Q
Water
A
Accounts for 50-60% of total body weight.
- 2/3 in ICF and 1/3 in ECF
- Provides medium necessary for chemical reactions in the body.
- Solvent, aids digestion, absorption, circulation and excretion.
10
Q
Factors that affect nutrition (infancy)
A
- Nutritional needs are greatest because body is rapidly growing
- Breast fed exclusively until 6 months
- Cows milk should not be used until 1 year
- Pureed food introduced every 2-3 days to identify allergies
- 1 Year should eat cut up table foods.
11
Q
Toddlers/Preschoolers
A
- They feed themselves and voice likes and dislikes
- Appetite Erratic
- Watch for excessive sweetened fruit drinks and junk food.
- In older homes watch for lead paint which may be accidently eaten
12
Q
School-aged children
A
- Increased school activity requires more energy
- Appetite is more regular but still varies
- Growth is erratic
- Body may accumulate reserves in preparation for growth patterns.
- Permanent teeth erupt here
13
Q
Adolescence
A
- Growth Spurt.
- Girls begin menstruation and fat deposition.
- Men begin increase in muscle mass, lean body tissue, and bones.
- Needs for protein, calcium, iron increase to support growth.
- Changing eating habits (skip breakfast and consume more fast food) Based on social interactions
- Tend of eat food rapidly leading to overconsumption
- Weight conscious may result in anorexia or bulimia
14
Q
Adults
A
- Marked decrease in BMR
- Less time for activity due to work
15
Q
Pregnancy/Lactation
A
- Increased nutritional needs (Protein/Calcium)
- If nutritional needs not met mothers bones and muscles will be broken down for fetus
- Increased blood volume so hydration is important
