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HBS > 3.1 Cardiopulmonary > Flashcards

3.1 Cardiopulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

the arteries that supply blood to the heart

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2
Q

Left Coronary Artery (Left Main)

A

supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle

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3
Q

Left Anterior Descending Artery

A

the largest coronary artery supplying over 50% of the blood to the heart. It branches from the left main coronary artery, which carries oxygenated blood to the left front side of your heart.

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4
Q

Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) is also known as the

A

Anterior interventricular branch
If it becomes block it is known as the Widow Maker

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5
Q

Circumflex Artery

A

Branches off the left coronary artery and surrounds the heart; supplies blood to the outer side and back of the heart

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6
Q

Right Coronary artery

A

supplies blood to the right ventricle; right atrium and sinoatrial node (SA)and atrioventricular node (AV)

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7
Q

SA node

A

Sinoatrial node; pacemaker

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8
Q

AV node

A

Atrioventricular node; electrical conduction of the heart

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9
Q

What muscle type is responsible for pumping blood from the heart.

A

Cardiac Muscle

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10
Q

What muscle type found in veins are responsible for contracting and dilating to regulate blood flow?

A

Smooth Muscle

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11
Q

What muscle type helps fill blood vessels by contracting?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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12
Q

See Pic page 5

A
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13
Q

Varicose veins

A

swelling of superficial veins usually in the legs

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14
Q

the arteries that supply blood to the heart

A

Coronary Arteries

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15
Q

supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle

A

Left Coronary Artery (Left Main)

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16
Q

the largest coronary artery supplying over 50% of the blood to the heart. It branches from the left main coronary artery, which carries oxygenated blood to the left front side of your heart.

A

Left Anterior Descending Artery

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17
Q

Branches off the left coronary artery and surrounds the heart; supplies blood to the outer side and back of the heart

A

Circumflex Artery

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18
Q

supplies blood to the right ventricle; right atrium and sinoatrial node (SA)and atrioventricular node (AV)

A

Right Coronary Artery

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19
Q

What is the structure of an artery

A

Thick, elastic, muscular walls

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20
Q

What is the structure of a vein

A

Thin walls with few elastic fibers

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21
Q

Capillary gas exchange

A

one cell thick allowing gas to passthrough

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22
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

the system responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying CO2 and other waste products away from the body

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23
Q

Heart rate

A

A measure of Cardiac activity usually expressed in numbers of beats per minute

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24
Q

Pulse

A

The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction

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25
Q

Blood Pressure

A

the pressure that blood exerts upon the walls of blood vessels especially arteries

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26
Q

what is blood pressure measured with

A

Sphygmomanometer and expressed in mm Hg

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27
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

Pressure in the arteries when the body undergoes systole

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28
Q

Systole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries

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29
Q

Diastole

A

the relaxation and dilation of the chambers of the heart and especially the ventricles during which they fill with blood

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30
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

Pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes and the chambers fill with blood

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31
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

An instrument used for measuring blood pressure especially arterial blood pressure

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32
Q

Cardiac Output

A

A measure of how much blood is pumped by both ventricles in one minute

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33
Q

Heart Rate

A

A count of how many times the heart beats in a minute; quantified BPM

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34
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood being pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat; Quantified as ml per beat

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35
Q

Average Stroke Volume

A

75 ml/ beat

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36
Q

Blood Pressure
Normal
Prehypertension
Hypertension 1
Hypertension 2
Hypertension Crisis

A

120/80 or less
120-129/80
130-139/80-89
140/90 or higher
180/120

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37
Q

Pulse points in the body

A

Carotid
Femoral
brachial
radial
ulnar
popliteal
dorsalis pedis

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38
Q

ABI Page 10

A
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39
Q

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

A

Narrowing or blocking of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs maybe the first warning sign of atherosclerosis

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40
Q

Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)

A

Systolic pressure at the ankle divided by the systolic pressure in the arm

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41
Q

Thick, elastic, muscular walls

A

Structure of Artery

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42
Q

Thin walls with few elastic fibers

A

Structure of vein

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43
Q

the system responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying CO2 and other waste products away from the body

A

Cardiovascular System

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44
Q

The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction

A

Pulse

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45
Q

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries

A

Systole

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46
Q

the relaxation and dilation of the chambers of the heart and especially the ventricles during which they fill with blood

A

Diastole

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47
Q

A measure of how much blood is pumped by both ventricles in one minute

A

Cardiac output

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48
Q

Narrowing or blocking of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the legs maybe the first warning sign of atherosclerosis

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

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49
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

A measurement of heart electrical activity

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50
Q

P-R Interval

A

Time from the beginning of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex measured in ms/s

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51
Q

QRS Complex

A

time from the Q defection to the S deflection measured in ms/s
the ventricles depolarize and prepare to contract the atria polarize but can’t be seen on EKG as QRS complex masks repolarization

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52
Q

Q-T Interval

A

time from the Q defection to the end of the T wave measured in ms/s

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53
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

Pressure in the arteries when the heart undergoes systole (heart contractions)

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54
Q

S-T Interval shows

A

When the ventricles contract (pumping blood)

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55
Q

T Wave

A

Ventricles repolarize and relax

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56
Q

P Wave

A

when the atria are full of blood the SA node fires sending an electrical signal throughout the atrium causing them to depolarize and contract

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57
Q

PQ Segment

A

Signal travels from the SA node to the AV node (AV node fires)

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58
Q

see page 15

A
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59
Q

AED (Automated External Defibrillator)

A

Used to shock the heart back into rhythm

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60
Q

consequences of untreated heart arrhythmia

A

stroke, heart failure cardiac arrest

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61
Q

see page 18. 19. 20,21

A
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62
Q

Role of nose

A

filter air by trapping dirt and microbes in mucous and hair; also warms the air

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63
Q

Role of Pharynx and Trachea

A

passage way through which air moves to the lungs

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64
Q

Larynx

A

voice box; sits on top of the trachea; Adam’s Apple

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65
Q

Bronchi and Bronchioles

A

Bring air from the trachea into the lungs; Bronchi branch into bronchioles

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66
Q

Alveoli

A

Thin-walled air sacs that extend from the bronchioles and are wrapped in capillaries; the place where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged

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67
Q

Diaphragm

A

A muscle that moves down when contracted to allow the lungs to expand; and moves up when relaxed to push air from the lungs

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68
Q

A measurement of heart electrical activity

A

Electrocardiogram

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69
Q

Time from the beginning of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex measured in ms/s

A

P-R Interval

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70
Q

time from the Q defection to the S deflection measured in ms/s
the ventricles depolarize and prepare to contract the atria polarize but can’t be seen on EKG as QRS complex masks repolarization

A

QRS Complex

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71
Q

time from the Q defection to the end of the T wave measured in ms/s

A

QT Interval

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72
Q

Pressure in the arteries when the heart undergoes systole (heart contractions)

A

Systolic Pressure

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73
Q

When the ventricles contract (pumping blood)

A

S-T Interval

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74
Q

Ventricles repolarize and relax

A

T Wave

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75
Q

when the atria are full of blood the SA node fires sending an electrical signal throughout the atrium causing them to depolarize and contract

A

P Wave

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76
Q

Signal travels from the SA node to the AV node (AV node fires)

A

PQ Segment

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77
Q

Used to shock the heart back into rhythm

A

AED

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78
Q

filter air by trapping dirt and microbes in mucous and hair; also warms the air

A

Nose

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79
Q

passage way through which air moves to the lungs

A

Pharynx and Trachea

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80
Q

voice box; sits on top of the trachea; Adam’s Apple

A

Larynx

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81
Q

Bring air from the trachea into the lungs; Bronchi branch into bronchioles

A

Bronchi and Bronchioles

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82
Q

Thin-walled air sacs that extend from the bronchioles and are wrapped in capillaries; the place where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged

A

Alveoli

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83
Q

A muscle that moves down when contracted to allow the lungs to expand; and moves up when relaxed to push air from the lungs

A

Diaphragm

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84
Q

Diffuse

A

the net movement from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

85
Q

Lung disease is the number __________ killer in the US when lumped together.

86
Q

Do the lungs have skeletal muscle?

A

No, movement of the diaphragm is what moves air in and out of the lungs

87
Q

spirometry

A

A test that measures how well your lungs are working by measuring how much air you can inhale and exhale.

88
Q

what is a normal O2 volume

89
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

the volume of air breath in and out without conscious effort

90
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

the additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after normal inspiration

91
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

92
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

the total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
TV + IRV + ERV

93
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum forcible expiration exhalation

94
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

VC + RV
Exhaled after max inhalation + volume after air after max exhalation

95
Q

Peak flow meter

A

device to monitor how open the airways are

96
Q

Flow Rate

A

volume of air moved in a given amount of time; another measure to evaluate how well air is moving in and out of the lungs

97
Q

FEVI
Greater than 80%
60%-79%
40%-59%
less than 40%

A

Forced Expiratory Volume
normal
mild obstruction
moderate obstruction
severe obstruction

98
Q

the net movement from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

99
Q

A test that measures how well your lungs are working by measuring how much air you can inhale and exhale.

A

Spirometer

100
Q

the volume of air breath in and out without conscious effort

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

101
Q

the additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after normal inspiration

A

Inspiratory Volume Reserve (IVR)

102
Q

the total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
TV + IRV + ERV

A

Vital Capacity

103
Q

the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

A

Expiratory Volume Reserve

104
Q

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum forcible expiration exhalation

A

Residual Volume

105
Q

VC + RV
Exhaled after max inhalation + volume after air after max exhalation

A

Total Lung Capacity

106
Q

device to monitor how open the airways are

A

Peak Flow Meter

107
Q

volume of air moved in a given amount of time; another measure to evaluate how well air is moving in and out of the lungs

108
Q

Hyperventilate

A

rapid or deep breathing that disrupts the O2/CO2 balance; can be a result of anxiety, panic, or stress

109
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Cells that transport oxygen around the body;
Normal:
Male: 4.0-5.9 x10 6 mcl
Female: 3.8-5.2 mcl

110
Q

Total Cholesterol

A

The total amount of cholesterol in the body. Can help show the risk for heart disease. Total should be less than 200 mg/dl

111
Q

LDL

A

“Bad” lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells; should be below 100 mg/dl; higher numbers could indicate a higher risk of heart disease

112
Q

HDL

A

“Good” lipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the blood stream transporting it to the liver; should be above 60 mg/dl; lower number could indicate a risk of heart disease

113
Q

Tryglycerides

A

higher levels are linked with a higher heart disease risk; normal levels are 150 mg/dl or less

114
Q

Empathy

A

understanding and experiencing the feelings of another person

115
Q

Cognitive empathy

A

understanding another’s feelings by seeing their perspective

116
Q

Emotional Empathy

A

literally feeling the emotions of others

117
Q

Compassionate empathy

A

understanding someone else’s pain and experiences, but following those feelings with action

118
Q

Altitude sickness

A

becoming sick due to unusually low O2 levels in the air

119
Q

symptoms of altitude sickness

A

Shortness of breath
Headache
Fatigue
Nausea
Vomiting
Rapid heart rate
Insomnia
Severe symptoms may include:

Skin discoloration-blue, pale or grey
Shortness of breath at rest
Confusion
Decreased consciousness
Not being able to walk in a straight line
Chest tightness
Coughs with bloody mucus
Dizziness/giddiness

119
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Decrease lung function causing less oxygen getting to the alveoli; this can change brain function

120
Q

rapid or deep breathing that disrupts the O2/CO2 balance; can be a result of anxiety, panic, or stress

A

Hyperventilation

121
Q

“Bad” lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells; should be below 100 mg/dl; higher numbers could indicate a higher risk of heart disease

122
Q

“Good” lipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the blood stream transporting it to the liver; should be above 60 mg/dl; lower number could indicate a risk of heart disease

123
Q

higher levels are linked with a higher heart disease risk; normal levels are 150 mg/dl or less

A

Tryglycerides

124
Q

understanding and experiencing the feelings of another person

125
Q

understanding another’s feelings by seeing their perspective

A

Cognitive Empathy

126
Q

literally feeling the emotions of others

A

Emotional Empathy

127
Q

understanding someone else’s pain and experiences, but following those feelings with action

A

Companionate Empathy

128
Q

becoming sick due to unusually low O2 levels in the air

A

Altitude Sickness

129
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins; cause misfolding of proteins

130
Q

Examples of Prions

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Kuru

131
Q

viruses

A

nonliving submicroscopic infective agents that typically compromise a RNA or DNA core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat; they require a host in which to replicate

132
Q

Examples of Viruses

A

Rabies
Ebola
Polio
Variola
Influenza

133
Q

Bacteria

A

A single celled prokaryotic microorganism

134
Q

Protists

A

a microscopic eukaryotic cell usually unicellular in the subkingdom Protozoa

135
Q

Fungi

A

saprophytic and parasitic spore producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll
examples molds, rusts mildews, smut, mushrooms and yeast

136
Q

Fungi examples

A

molds, rusts mildews, smut, mushrooms and yeast

137
Q

Helminths

A

A large eukaryotic, multicellular parasitic worm such as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid or leach

138
Q

Pathogen

A

a disease causing organisms

139
Q

Epidermis

A

the top layer of skin that provides a barrier, makes skin and gives color

140
Q

Dermis

A

the middle layer of skin that contains collagen and elastin, grows hair, makes oil and sweat, and contains blood vessels and nerve endings

141
Q

Subcutaneous fatty tissue

A

the bottom layer of the skin consisting of fat that cushions muscles and bones and helps to regulate body temperature

142
Q

Sepsis

A

Body’s immune system overreacts to an infection causing inflammation

143
Q

Inflammation

A

a localized physical condition in which part of the body become redden, swollen, hot and often painful; usually a reaction to injury or infection

144
Q

Severe Sepsis

A

organs in body begin to malfunction (shut down); blood pressure drops and inflammation continues

145
Q

Septic Shock

A

Extremely low blood pressure that does not respond to IV fluids; organ shut down

146
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed

147
Q

Lymph

A

a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, which bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

148
Q

Infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins; cause misfolding of proteins

149
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Kuru

A

examples of prions

150
Q

nonliving submicroscopic infective agents that typically compromise a RNA or DNA core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat; they require a host in which to replicate

151
Q

Rabies
Ebola
Polio
Variola
Influenza

A

Examples of viruses

152
Q

A single celled prokaryotic microorganism

153
Q

a microscopic eukaryotic cell usually unicellular in the subkingdom Protozoa

154
Q

saprophytic and parasitic spore producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll
examples molds, rusts mildews, smut, mushrooms and yeast

155
Q

A large eukaryotic, multicellular parasitic worm such as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid or leach

156
Q

a disease causing organisms

157
Q

the top layer of skin that provides a barrier, makes skin and gives color

158
Q

the middle layer of skin that contains collagen and elastin, grows hair, makes oil and sweat, and contains blood vessels and nerve endings

159
Q

the bottom layer of the skin consisting of fat that cushions muscles and bones and helps to regulate body temperature

A

Subcutaneous fatty tissue

160
Q

Body’s immune system overreacts to an infection causing inflammation

161
Q

a localized physical condition in which part of the body become redden, swollen, hot and often painful; usually a reaction to injury or infection

A

Inflammation

162
Q

organs in body begin to malfunction (shut down); blood pressure drops and inflammation continues

A

Severe Sepsis

163
Q

Extremely low blood pressure that does not respond to IV fluids; organ shut down

A

Septic Shock

164
Q

small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed

A

Lymph nodes

165
Q

a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, which bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

166
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic system

A

maintain balance of fluids
absorption of fat from the intestines
enhancement of immune system

167
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Glands in the immune system that usually enlarge in response to infection or cancer

168
Q

Bone Marrow

A

produces both RBC and WBC

169
Q

Liver

A

Contributes to immune defense by collecting and eliminating foreign compounds from the large volume of blood that passes through

170
Q

Tonsils

A

help to stop germs entering the body through the mouth and nose contains WBC

171
Q

Thymus

A

helps in development in T- Cells

172
Q

See pg 43

173
Q

Spleen

A

filters the blood of foreign cells and old RBC in need of replacement

174
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Tube-like structures that carry fluid away from the tissues to deliver it back into the blood circulation

175
Q

Platelets

A

assist in blood clotting

176
Q

RBC (Erythrocytes)

A

Hemoglobin rich cell that transport O2 rich blood; give blood it’s color and have no nucleus

177
Q

WBC

A

no hemoglobin; have a nucleus; active in immune response

178
Q

Types of WBC

A

Lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
leucocytes

179
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Non-specific immune defense mechanism; born with

180
Q

Acquired immunity

A

specific immune defense; acquired over a lifetime;

181
Q

Types of Acquired Immunity

A

Active: after infection
Passive: from mother

182
Q

Antigen

A

anything that stimulates an immune response

183
Q

B-Cells

A

type of lymphocyte (WBC) that matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies

184
Q

antibodies

A

protein produced by B-Cells in the blood; work to impair pathogens also called immunoglobulin

185
Q

Prodromal

A

Early signs or symptoms that precede the onset of a disease

185
Q

convalesce

A

get better after illness

186
Q

B lymphocytes

A

A type of lymphocyte (WBC) that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies

187
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Recognizes and attacks cells infected with foreign pathogens or cancer

188
Q

produces both RBC and WBC

A

Bone Marrow

189
Q

maintain balance of fluids
absorption of fat from the intestines
enhancement of immune system

A

Function of the lymphatic system

190
Q

Glands in the immune system that usually enlarge in response to infection or cancer

A

Lymph nodes

191
Q

Contributes to immune defense by collecting and eliminating foreign compounds from the large volume of blood that passes through

192
Q

help to stop germs entering the body through the mouth and nose contains WBC

193
Q

helps in development in T- Cells

194
Q

filters the blood of foreign cells and old RBC in need of replacement

195
Q

Tube-like structures that carry fluid away from the tissues to deliver it back into the blood circulation

A

Lymphatic Vessels

196
Q

assist in blood clotting

197
Q

Hemoglobin rich cell that transport O2 rich blood; give blood it’s color and have no nucleus

A

RBC
Erythrocytes

198
Q

no hemoglobin; have a nucleus; active in immune response

199
Q

specific immune defense; acquired over a lifetime;

A

Acquired immunity

200
Q

anything that stimulates an immune response

201
Q

type of lymphocyte (WBC) that matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies

202
Q

protein produced by B-Cells in the blood; work to impair pathogens also called immunoglobulin

A

Antibodies

203
Q

Early signs or symptoms that precede the onset of a disease

204
Q

get better after illness

A

Convalesce

205
Q

A type of lymphocyte (WBC) that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies

A

b lymphocytes

206
Q

Recognizes and attacks cells infected with foreign pathogens or cancer

A

t lymphocytes

HBS (3 decks)

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