1.1 Bones Flashcards
Directional Terms
Words that describe the location of one structure in relationship to another or specific locations on an organ or bone.
Regional Terms
Words that describe specific regions or locations on the body
Body Planes
Words that act like a coordinate system to describe a human in the anatomical position
Anatomical Planes
A hypothetical plane used to intersect the body in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movement.
Axillary Skeleton
The head and trunk portion of the skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
The part of the skeleton containing the limbs, pelvis, and shoulder blades
Name the 4 planes
Coronal Plane
Median Plane
Sagittal Plane
Transverse Plane
What are the two subcategories of the Dorsal Cavity?
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral Cavity
What are the two subcategories of the Ventral Cavity?
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominal/Pelvic Cavity
What separates the Thoracic Cavity from the Abdominal/Pelvic Cavity?
Diaphragm
Cell
smallest unit of life
Tissue
An integrated group of cells with a common function or structure
Organs
A collection of tissues in an organism that performs a specific function
Organs System
A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
Histology
The study of the microscopic anatomy of tissue
AKA Microanatomy
Another name for Microanatomy
Histology
Physiology
The way in which a living organism or body part function
Words that describe the location of one structure in relationship to another or specific locations on an organ or bone.
Directional Terms
Words that describe specific regions or locations on the body
Regional Terms
Words that act like a coordinate system to describe a human in the anatomical position
Body Planes
A hypothetical plane used to intersect the body in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movement.
Anatomical Planes
The head and trunk portion of the skeleton
Axillary Skeleton
The part of the skeleton containing the limbs, pelvis, and shoulder blades
Appendicular Skeleton
An integrated group of cells with a common function or structure
Tissue
Smallest unit of life
Cell
A collection of tissues in an organism that performs a specific function
Organs
A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
Organ System
The study of the microscopic anatomy of tissue
AKA Microanatomy
Histology
The way in which a living organism or body part function
Physiology
What are the 4 main types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
What is the main function of epithelial tissue and where is it found?
Protection
Skin
Main function of Connective tissue
Support
Main function of Nervous tissue
Communication
Main function of muscle tissue
Movement
What type of tissue makes up tendons and what are their function
connective tissue
connect muscle to bone
What type of tissue makes up ligament and what are their function
Connective tissue
connect bone to bone
What type of tissue makes up the cartilage and function
Connective tissue
protects bones
What type of tissue makes up adipose tissue and function
Connective tissue
cushioning
What type of tissue makes up blood tissue and function
Connective tissue
delivery
What type of tissue makes up bone and function
Connective tissue
structure
What type of tissue makes up neurons and function
Nervous tissue
send and receive
Three type of muscle tissue
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
Type of involuntary muscle
smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Type of voluntary muscle
skeletal muscle
Orbicularis oculi
sphincter muscle around the upper and lower eyelids; contraction closes the eye
Orbicularis oris
Attaches to dermis of upper and lower lip where many facial muscle attach
Temporallis
Mostly covers the temporal bone and helps open and close the lower jaw and move it side to side
Compact bone
a solid and hard bone that makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shaft of long bones
Spongy bone
a porous bone found in mammals containing red bone marrow
Flat bone
spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone; have marrow but not cavity
Examples of flat bone
skull, frontal nasal; thoracic cage, pelvis
Long bone
shaft and two ends
longer than wide
thick outer layer with marrow filled cavity
Irregular bone
thin layer of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone, and don’t fit any other description
Short bone
roughly a cube shape bone
carpal and tarsals
only bone not connected to other bones
Hyoid
Radiology
a branch of medicine that uses imaging technology to diagnose and treat disease
fracture
a crack or break in a bone
compression force
occurs when a physical force presses inward on an object causing it to become compacted
osteoblast
a bone forming cell
osteoclasts
any of the large multinucleated cells closely associated with areas of bone resorption (healing fracture)
responsible for break down and reabsorption of bone
callus
fibrous tissues and cartilage that replaces the blood clot at the fracture site
xray
a type of radiation that uses electromagnetic waves to produce an image of the bones (inside of the body) in black and white
Ultrasound
imaging the uses sound waves to produce a picture of the inside of the body
MRI
Imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate an image
a solid and hard bone that makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shaft of long bones
Compact bone
a porous bone found in mammals containing red bone marrow
spongy bone
spongy bone between two thin layers of bone; have marrow but not cavity
flat bone
type of bone where shaft and two ends
longer than wide
thick outer layer with marrow filled cavity
Long bone
thin layer of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone, and don’t fit any other description
Irregular bone
roughly a cube shape bone
carpal and tarsals
short bone
a branch of medicine that uses imaging technology to diagnose and treat disease
Radiology
a crack or break in a bone
fracture
occurs when a physical force presses inward on an object causing it to become compacted
compression force
bone forming cell
osteoblast
cell that breaks down and helps with reabsorbing of the cell
Osteoclast
fibrous tissues and cartilage that replaces the blood clot at the fracture site
callus
a type of radiation that uses electromagnetic waves to produce an image of the bones (inside of the body) in black and white
xray
imaging the uses sound waves to produce a picture of the inside of the body
ultrasound
Imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate an image
MRI
Comminuted Fracture
Bones are broken into more than three pieces
Transverse Fracture
Break running horizonal/perpendicular to the bone; affect long bones
Spiral Bone Fracture
Break caused by a twisting motion; creates a fracture line that wraps around the bone
Steps for fracture repair
Hematoma Formation
Fibrocartilage Callus
Boney Callus Formation
Bone Remodeling
Anatomy of the femur PG 43
Muscle
an organ composed of one of the three types of fibrous tissue, specialized for contraction to produce voluntary or involuntary movement
skeletal muscle
an organ composed of one of the three types of fibrous tissue, specialized for contraction to produce voluntary or involuntary movement
smooth muscle
specialized for contraction located in the walls of the hollow internal organs and innervated by the autonomic motor neurons
Cardiac Muscle
striated muscle fibers stimulated by the intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons
tendon
a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching muscle to bone
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A compound of adenosine and three phosphates; supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes
Sarcomere
any of the repeating structural units of striated muscle fibrils
actin
a contractile protein that is pot of the thin filaments in the muscle fiber
Myosin
contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers
Sliding Filament Theory
the explanation of how thick and thin filaments slide relative to one another during striated muscle contraction to decrease sarcomere length
Troponin
A protein of muscles that together with tropomyosin forms a regulatory protein complex controlling the interaction of actin and myosin when activated by calcium it permits a muscle contraction
Tropomyosin
A protein of muscle that forms a complex with troponin regulating the interaction of actin and myosin in muscular contraction
Bones are broken into more than three pieces
Comminuted Fracture
Break running horizonal/perpendicular to the bone; affect long bones
Transverse Fracture
Break caused by a twisting motion; creates a fracture line that wraps around the bone
Spiral Bone Fracture
an organ composed of one of the three types of fibrous tissue, specialized for contraction to produce voluntary or involuntary movement
Muscle
an organ composed of one of the three types of fibrous tissue, specialized for contraction to produce voluntary or involuntary movement
Skeletal Muscle
specialized for contraction located in the walls of the hollow internal organs and innervated by the autonomic motor neurons
Smooth muscle
striated muscle fibers stimulated by the intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons
Cardiac Muscle
a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching muscle to bone
tendon
A compound of adenosine and three phosphates; supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes
ATP
any of the repeating structural units of striated muscle fibrils
Sarcomere
a contractile protein that is pot of the thin filaments in the muscle fiber
Actin
contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers
Myosin
the explanation of how thick and thin filaments slide relative to one another during striated muscle contraction to decrease sarcomere length
Sliding Filament Theory
A protein of muscles that together with tropomyosin forms a regulatory protein complex controlling the interaction of actin and myosin when activated by calcium it permits a muscle contraction
Troponin
A protein of muscle that forms a complex with troponin regulating the interaction of actin and myosin in muscular contraction
Tropomyosin
Striated voluntary muscle
Skeletal
Striated involuntary muscle
Cardiac
Non Striated involuntary muscle
smooth
Formula for % contraction
(Original Length - Final Length) / Original length x 100
Endomyosium
The delicate connective tissue surrounding the individual muscular fibers within the smallest bundles
epimysium
the external connective tissue sheath of a muscle
perimysium
The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers
fascicle
a small bundle or cluster especially of nerve or muscle fibers
myofibril
a threadlike structure extending longitudinally through a muscle fiber consisting mainly of thick filaments and thin filaments
Muscle rules pg 51
What dictates how a muscle with move?
origin
insertion
striations
Regarding muscles: the ___________ is the anchor and the ______ is the part that moves
origin insertion
Grade 2 tear
a partial tear resulting in pain, loss of strength and movement
Occupational Therapy
Medical treatment that improves a patients ability to perform activities of daily living
Muscle Fatigue
A decrease in the force or power output of a muscle
The delicate connective tissue surrounding the individual muscular fibers within the smallest bundles
Endomyosium
the external connective tissue sheath of a muscle
Epmyosium
The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers
Perimyosium
a small bundle or cluster especially of nerve or muscle fibers
fascicle
a threadlike structure extending longitudinally through a muscle fiber consisting mainly of thick filaments and thin filaments
myofibril
a partial muscle tear resulting in pain, loss of strength and movement
Grade 2 tear
Medical treatment that improves a patients ability to perform activities of daily living
Occupational Therapy
A decrease in the force or power output of a muscle
Muscle Fatigue
joint
the location in the body where two or more bones meet
fibrous joint
a fixed or immovable joint that connects bones primarily made of collagen
cartilaginous joint
a joint that has some motion to it with hyaline cartilage present in the space between articulating bones
synovial joint
a moveable joint that contains synovial fluid in the space around it tot reduce friction; most common type of joint in the body
range of motion
the range through which a joint can be moved
cartilage
flexible connective tissue that provides shape and support to various body parts and cushions bones allowing for movement and flexibility
articular (hyaline) cartilage
attaches to articular bone structures
Elastic cartilage
a sponge yellow elastic network of fibers that provide support to the structure
fibrocartilage
the strongest type of cartilage that provides support, rigidity, and cushioning to parts of the body
Saddle joint
a type of synovial joint in which the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave and convex
Ball and socket joint
a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone
Two ball and socket joints in the human body
glenohumeral and hip
Condyloid joint
a type of synovial joint where the articular surface of one bone has an ovoid convexity sitting within an ellipsoidal cavity of the other bone
examples: metacarpophalangeal and radiocarpal
Plane joint
gliding joint that is a synovial joint between the flat surfaces of two or more bones
examples: intercarpal joint and intertarsal joints
Hinge joints
synovial joint between the rounded shape of one bone and the trough of another bone
example: elbow
Pivot joint
synovial joint where a cylinder shape bone rotates in a ring
the location in the body where two or more bones meet
joint
a fixed or immovable joint that connects bones primarily made of collagen
fibrous joint
a joint that has some motion to it with hyaline cartilage present in the space between articulating bones
caliginous joint
a moveable joint that contains synovial fluid in the space around it tot reduce friction; most common type of joint in the body
synovial joint
the range through which a joint can be moved
range of motion
flexible connective tissue that provides shape and support to various body parts and cushions bones allowing for movement and flexibility
cartilage
attaches to articular bone structures
articular (hyaline) cartilage
a sponge yellow elastic network of fibers that provide support to the structure
elastic cartilage
the strongest type of cartilage that provides support, rigidity, and cushioning to parts of the body
fibrocartilage
a type of synovial joint in which the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave and convex
saddle joint
a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone
ball and socket joint
a type of synovial joint where the articular surface of one bone has an ovoid convexity sitting within an ellipsoidal cavity of the other bone
examples: metacarpophalangeal and radiocarpal
condyloid joint
gliding joint that is a synovial joint between the flat surfaces of two or more bones
examples: intercarpal joint and intertarsal joints
plane joint
synovial joint between the rounded shape of one bone and the trough of another bone
example: elbow
hinge joint
synovial joint where a cylinder shape bone rotates in a ring
pivot joint
