2.1 Nervous system Flashcards
Hormones
a signaling molecule produced by a gland. It induces a specific effect on the activity of cells.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Part of the nervous system that consist of the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates.
Function of the CNS
Receive sensory information from the environment or the body.
Process the information it receives (integration).
Respond with motor output to muscles or glands
Peripheral Nervous System
All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Cranial nerves except the optic nerve (CN II)
Autonomic nervous system
Spinal nerves
Lobe
A division of a body organ marked off by a fissure on the surface (Brain, liver, lungs)
Cerebrum
The anterior portion of the brain composed of the right and left hemispheres.
Cerebrum Function
It is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body.
(memory, emotions, and learning)
Cerebellum
A large dorsal projection of the brain situated between the brainstem and the posterior portion of the cerebrum
Cerebellum function
coordination of muscles
equilibrium
Brain Stem
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum
Gyri
A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves
Sulci
A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri
Picture page 4, 7, 8
Occipital Lobe Function
Visual and spatial processing
depth perception
memory formation
Parietal Lobe Function
Receives and processes sensory input
Spatial awareness
Frontal Lobe Function
Voluntary movement
higher level functioning
Temporal Lobe Function
Processing auditory information
encoding information
Brain stem function
vital involuntary functions
Midbrain
eye movement
Pons
facial movement, hearing, balance
Medulla Oblongata
Breathing, heart rhythm, blood pressure, swallowing
Motor cortex
generate signals to direct movement
Sensory cortex
Process and make sense of information gathered by our senses
Corpus Callosum
Bundle of fibers that connect the two hemispheres
Pituitary gland
produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction
Thalamus
Processes all sensory information except smell and sends it to the Cortex for interpretation
Hypothalamus
Helps keep homeostasis; regulates appetite and body temperature;
Hippocampus
Part of limbic system involved in memory, learning, and emotion
Page 10, 11, 12
Henry Molaison’s surgery
removed hippocampus; unable to move short term memory to long term memory
a signaling molecule produced by a gland. It induces a specific effect on the activity of cells.
Hormones
Part of the nervous system that consist of the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates.
CNS
All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Cranial nerves except the optic nerve (CN II)
Autonomic nervous system
Spinal nerves
PNS
A division of a body organ marked off by a fissure on the surface (Brain, liver, lungs)
lobe
The anterior portion of the brain composed of the right and left hemispheres.
Cerebrum
A large dorsal projection of the brain situated between the brainstem and the posterior portion of the cerebrum
Cerebellum
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum
Brain stem
A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri
Sulci
A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves
Gyri
Visual and spatial processing
depth perception
memory formation
Occipital Lobe
Receives and processes sensory input
Spatial awareness
Parietal Lobe
Voluntary movement
higher level functioning
Frontal Lobe
Processing auditory information
encoding information
Temporal Lobe
Clinical Researchers
work in the health care or health sciences industries to develop new technologies, medications and treatments
Experimental Researcher
do experiments to test properties of drugs
Neurons
Primary signaling cell of the nervous system
Glial Cells
cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons
action potential
a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron
Synapse
the place where a nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another
Neurotransmitter
a substance that transmits nerve impulses across the synapse
norepinephrine acetylocholine
Suzana Herculano-Houzel
creating a fast and inexpensive way for counting the amount of neurons in the brain using immune histochemistry
Santiago Ramon Y Cajal
Discovered neurons are separated and have an electric current that goes one way to deliver information
Alexa Canady
Research led to creation of a programable siphon shunt that is used to treat hydrocephalies
Dendrites
Receive information from another cell and bring the electrical impulse to the cell body
Axon
Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body passing the message on to the next cell
Node of Ranvier
Gaps in the myelin sheath; allow ions to move in to push the electrical signal down the axon
Cell membrane
Semipermeable membrane made of phospholipids that surround the cytoplasm of all cell types
Axon Terminals
button like ending of axons; release neurotransmitters to other cells
Cell Body
the core section of the neuron; maintains it’s structure, provides energy, and containing the genetic material
Schwann Cells
produces myelin
Myelin Sheath
a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (action potential) passing along the axon. Found on the axons in brain and spinal cord
Nucleus
contains genetic material for cell development and the synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival
Terminal Buttons
located on the axon terminal
Primary signaling cell of the nervous system
Neurons
cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons
Glial Cells
a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron
action potential
the place where a nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another
Synapse
a substance that transmits nerve impulses across the synapse
norepinephrine acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter
Receive information from another cell and bring the electrical impulse to the cell body
Dendrites
Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body passing the message on to the next cell
Axon
Gaps in the myelin sheath; allow ions to move in to push the electrical signal down the axon
Node of Ranvier
Semipermeable membrane made of phospholipids that surround the cytoplasm of all cell types
Cell Membrane
button like ending of axons; release neurotransmitters to other cells
Axon terminal
the core section of the neuron; maintains it’s structure, provides energy, and containing the genetic material
Cell Body
Produce myelin
Schwann Cell
a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (action potential) passing along the axon. Found on the axons in brain and spinal cord
Myelin Sheath
contains genetic material for cell development and the synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival
Nucleus
Located on the axon terminal
Terminal Button
Multipolar Neurons
Location and abundance
P16
CNS
Efferent PNS (motor neurons)
very common
Bipolar Neurons
Location and abundance
P16
Olfactory Epithelium
Retina
ganglia of vestibular cochlear nerve
Rare
Pseudo unipolar Neurons
CNS
Sensory Ganglia of most cranial nerves
Unipolar
Afferent (sensory) part of PNS
Common in invertebrates but rare in vertebrates
Homeostasis
State of balance or stability of physical or chemical environment of an organism to enable optimum function
Action Potential
a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron
Resting potential of a cell
Positive exterior More Sodium
Negative interior More potassium
Depolarization
occurs when the sodium channels open allow sodium into the cell making it more positive inside the cell
Repolarization
Potassium channels open and sodium channels close; moving potassium ions back outside the cell
Sodium/Potassium pump
Actively moves 3 sodium out and 2 potassium into the cell this maintains resting potential
Sodium Channel
Allow sodium to pass into the cell when the cell is depolarized. This propagates the action potential
Potassium Channel
move potassium ions out of the neuron
State of balance or stability of physical or chemical environment of an organism to enable optimum function
Homeostasis
a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron
Action potential
occurs when the sodium channels open allow sodium into the cell making it more positive inside the cell
Depolarization
Potassium channels open and sodium channels close; moving potassium ions back outside the cell
Repolarization
actively moves 3 sodium out and 2 potassium into the cell this maintains resting potential
Sodium/Potassium Pump
Hydrophilic
Water loving
Hydrophobic
Water hating
Which membrane protein is responsible for restoring the original concentration of sodium and potassium
Sodium/Potassium Pump
What happens the action potential reaches the axon terminal
Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft
The resting membrane potential is usually around
-70mV
What causes the membrane potential to rise?
A stimulus applied to the cell
After the stimulation is applied the neuron reaches what is known as it’s
threshold membrane potential
-55mV
Repolarization
When the relative voltage inside the cell falls when the potassium channels are open; the cell is moving back towards resting potential
Hyperpolarization
When the potassium channels are open and the resting potential overshoots and becomes below the resting potential
Vesicles
store neurotransmitters
Model organism
a non-human organism that scientist extensively study to gain understanding into biological processes
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction, heart regulation, intestinal function, learning, and memory
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that plays a role in pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory and movement
Gamma-Aminobu-Tryic Acid (GABA)
Inhibitory neurotransmitter it is essential for signal regulation in the CNS
Glutamate
Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; present in more than 90% of all brain synapses
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a role in flight or fight response; increases arousal and attention
Serotonin
neurotransmitter associated with regulation of mood, sleep patterns and digestion
When the relative voltage inside the cell falls when the potassium channels are open; the cell is moving back towards resting potential
Repolarization
When the potassium channels are open and the resting potential overshoots and becomes below the resting potential
Hyperpolarization
store neurotransmitters
Vesicles
a non-human organism that scientist extensively study to gain understanding into biological processes
Model Organism
Neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction, heart regulation, intestinal function, learning, and memory
Achetalcholine
neurotransmitter that plays a role in pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory and movement
Dopamine
Inhibitory neurotransmitter it is essential for signal regulation in the CNS
GABA
Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; present in more than 90% of all brain synapses
Glutamate
Excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a role in flight or fight response; increases arousal and attention
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
neurotransmitter associated with regulation of mood, sleep patterns and digestion
Serotonin
Agonist drug
mimic the action of neurotransmitter or hormone
Antagonist drug
Bind to the synaptic receptors and decrease the effects of the neurotransmitter
Inverse agonist drug
binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of the agonist
sometimes called a blocker
Reuptake inhibitor drugs
blocks the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter so there is more left in the synapse
Reflex
an automatic response to a stimulus that doesn’t reach the level of consciousness
Reaction
a thoughtful response to external stimuli in which the brain processes the nerve impulse before reacting
formula for calculating reaction time
p 38
cognitive decline
the condition of having memory loss reduced or slower thinking or other impaired mental capabilities due to age
Alzheimers
difficulty remembering, confusing family and friends; trouble controlling emotions
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Pins and needles, loss of balance, loss of vision, fatigue and muscle weakness
Huntington’s Disease
depression (mood swings), uncontrolled muscle movements, loss of balance, changes in cognition
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
muscle weakness in hands and feet, tripping and stumbling, muscle twitches and slurred speech, eventually complete physical decline
epilepsy
Overly aggressive shaking and convulsions after little sleep
Parkinson’s Disease
moves in slow motion, loss of balance, shakiness, and loss of fine motor skills
Festinating gait
Fibromyalgia (FM)
Sensitivity to light and sound, pain from light touch, depression
Devic’s disease
AKA: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
Loss of vision, blurred vision, loss of bladder control, mild numbness and spasms in the arms; affects eyes and spinal cord
OMT
Problems with feet, numbness in fingers change in shape of muscles
mimic the action of neurotransmitter or hormone
agonist
Bind to the synaptic receptors and decrease the effects of the neurotransmitter
Antagonist
binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of the agonist
sometimes called a blocker
Inverse agonist drug
blocks the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter so there is more left in the synapse
Reuptake inhibitor
Endocrine system
A complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and release hormones into the bloodstream
Glands
Organs throughout the body that produce and release substances such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, saliva, and milk.
Insulin
a hormone released by the Islets of Langerhans (Beta Cells) which regulates blood glucose levels
Glucagon
a hormone formed in the pancreas which promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
Antagonist to insulin
A target cell responds to a hormone because…
it has a specific receptor for that hormone
Chart P.46
Hypothalamus
small area in the center of the brain that helps regulate hormones, body temperature, sleep and thirst
Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin to regulate sleep cycle
Pituitary gland
regulates growth, metabolism, response to stress and trauma reproduction, and lactation
Thyroid
plays a major role in growth, development and metabolism
Thymus
makes WBC until puberty; releases hormones that control the pituitary gland
Adrenal Glands
Release the hormone epinephrine and helps regulate metabolism, blood pressure and immune system
Testis
produces sperm and testosterone (secondary sex characteristics)
Ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone which regulate reproduction and menstration
BPA
used to make some plastics
Phytoestrogens
an estrogen occurring naturally in legumes; flax seed, tofu, and soy milk
Phthalates
used to make plastics more flexible
Testosterone
sex hormone responsible for secondary male characteristics
Triclosan
used as an antimicrobial in products like soaps, toothpaste, clothes and toys
Estrogen
puberty, reproduction, bone health, help in production of sperm cells
Progesterone
Reproduction and testosterone production
