2.1 Nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
Hormones
A
a signaling molecule produced by a gland. It induces a specific effect on the activity of cells.
2
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
Part of the nervous system that consist of the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates.
3
Q
Function of the CNS
A
Receive sensory information from the environment or the body.
Process the information it receives (integration).
Respond with motor output to muscles or glands
4
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Cranial nerves except the optic nerve (CN II)
Autonomic nervous system
Spinal nerves
5
Q
Lobe
A
A division of a body organ marked off by a fissure on the surface (Brain, liver, lungs)
6
Q
Cerebrum
A
The anterior portion of the brain composed of the right and left hemispheres.
7
Q
Cerebrum Function
A
It is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body.
(memory, emotions, and learning)
8
Q
Cerebellum
A
A large dorsal projection of the brain situated between the brainstem and the posterior portion of the cerebrum
9
Q
Cerebellum function
A
coordination of muscles
equilibrium
10
Q
Brain Stem
A
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum
11
Q
Gyri
A
A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves
12
Q
Sulci
A
A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri
13
Q
Picture page 4, 7, 8
A
14
Q
Occipital Lobe Function
A
Visual and spatial processing
depth perception
memory formation
15
Q
Parietal Lobe Function
A
Receives and processes sensory input
Spatial awareness
16
Q
Frontal Lobe Function
A
Voluntary movement
higher level functioning
17
Q
Temporal Lobe Function
A
Processing auditory information
encoding information
18
Q
Brain stem function
A
vital involuntary functions
19
Q
Midbrain
A
eye movement
20
Q
Pons
A
facial movement, hearing, balance
21
Q
Medulla Oblongata
A
Breathing, heart rhythm, blood pressure, swallowing
22
Q
Motor cortex
A
generate signals to direct movement
23
Q
Sensory cortex
A
Process and make sense of information gathered by our senses
24
Q
Corpus Callosum
A
Bundle of fibers that connect the two hemispheres
25
Pituitary gland
produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction
26
Thalamus
Processes all sensory information except smell and sends it to the Cortex for interpretation
27
Hypothalamus
Helps keep homeostasis; regulates appetite and body temperature;
28
Hippocampus
Part of limbic system involved in memory, learning, and emotion
29
Page 10, 11, 12
30
Henry Molaison's surgery
removed hippocampus; unable to move short term memory to long term memory
31
a signaling molecule produced by a gland. It induces a specific effect on the activity of cells.
Hormones
32
Part of the nervous system that consist of the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates.
CNS
33
All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Cranial nerves except the optic nerve (CN II)
Autonomic nervous system
Spinal nerves
PNS
34
A division of a body organ marked off by a fissure on the surface (Brain, liver, lungs)
lobe
35
The anterior portion of the brain composed of the right and left hemispheres.
Cerebrum
36
A large dorsal projection of the brain situated between the brainstem and the posterior portion of the cerebrum
Cerebellum
37
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum
Brain stem
38
A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri
Sulci
38
A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves
Gyri
39
Visual and spatial processing
depth perception
memory formation
Occipital Lobe
40
Receives and processes sensory input
Spatial awareness
Parietal Lobe
41
Voluntary movement
higher level functioning
Frontal Lobe
42
Processing auditory information
encoding information
Temporal Lobe
43
Clinical Researchers
work in the health care or health sciences industries to develop new technologies, medications and treatments
44
Experimental Researcher
do experiments to test properties of drugs
45
Neurons
Primary signaling cell of the nervous system
46
Glial Cells
cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons
47
action potential
a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron
48
Synapse
the place where a nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another
49
Neurotransmitter
a substance that transmits nerve impulses across the synapse
norepinephrine acetylocholine
50
Suzana Herculano-Houzel
creating a fast and inexpensive way for counting the amount of neurons in the brain using immune histochemistry
51
Santiago Ramon Y Cajal
Discovered neurons are separated and have an electric current that goes one way to deliver information
52
Alexa Canady
Research led to creation of a programable siphon shunt that is used to treat hydrocephalies
53
Dendrites
Receive information from another cell and bring the electrical impulse to the cell body
54
Axon
Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body passing the message on to the next cell
55
Node of Ranvier
Gaps in the myelin sheath; allow ions to move in to push the electrical signal down the axon
56
Cell membrane
Semipermeable membrane made of phospholipids that surround the cytoplasm of all cell types
57
Axon Terminals
button like ending of axons; release neurotransmitters to other cells
58
Cell Body
the core section of the neuron; maintains it's structure, provides energy, and containing the genetic material
59
Schwann Cells
produces myelin
60
Myelin Sheath
a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (action potential) passing along the axon. Found on the axons in brain and spinal cord
61
Nucleus
contains genetic material for cell development and the synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival
62
Terminal Buttons
located on the axon terminal
63
Primary signaling cell of the nervous system
Neurons
64
cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons
Glial Cells
65
a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron
action potential
66
the place where a nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another
Synapse
67
a substance that transmits nerve impulses across the synapse
norepinephrine acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter
68
Receive information from another cell and bring the electrical impulse to the cell body
Dendrites
69
Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body passing the message on to the next cell
Axon
70
Gaps in the myelin sheath; allow ions to move in to push the electrical signal down the axon
Node of Ranvier
71
Semipermeable membrane made of phospholipids that surround the cytoplasm of all cell types
Cell Membrane
72
button like ending of axons; release neurotransmitters to other cells
Axon terminal
73
the core section of the neuron; maintains it's structure, provides energy, and containing the genetic material
Cell Body
74
Produce myelin
Schwann Cell
75
a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (action potential) passing along the axon. Found on the axons in brain and spinal cord
Myelin Sheath
76
contains genetic material for cell development and the synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival
Nucleus
77
Located on the axon terminal
Terminal Button
78
Multipolar Neurons
Location and abundance
P16
CNS
Efferent PNS (motor neurons)
very common
79
Bipolar Neurons
Location and abundance
P16
Olfactory Epithelium
Retina
ganglia of vestibular cochlear nerve
Rare
80
Pseudo unipolar Neurons
CNS
Sensory Ganglia of most cranial nerves
81
Unipolar
Afferent (sensory) part of PNS
Common in invertebrates but rare in vertebrates
82
Homeostasis
State of balance or stability of physical or chemical environment of an organism to enable optimum function
83
Action Potential
a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron
84
Resting potential of a cell
Positive exterior More Sodium
Negative interior More potassium
85
Depolarization
occurs when the sodium channels open allow sodium into the cell making it more positive inside the cell
86
Repolarization
Potassium channels open and sodium channels close; moving potassium ions back outside the cell
87
Sodium/Potassium pump
Actively moves 3 sodium out and 2 potassium into the cell this maintains resting potential
88
Sodium Channel
Allow sodium to pass into the cell when the cell is depolarized. This propagates the action potential
89
Potassium Channel
move potassium ions out of the neuron
90
State of balance or stability of physical or chemical environment of an organism to enable optimum function
Homeostasis
91
a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron
Action potential
92
occurs when the sodium channels open allow sodium into the cell making it more positive inside the cell
Depolarization
93
Potassium channels open and sodium channels close; moving potassium ions back outside the cell
Repolarization
94
actively moves 3 sodium out and 2 potassium into the cell this maintains resting potential
Sodium/Potassium Pump
95
Hydrophilic
Water loving
96
Hydrophobic
Water hating
97
Which membrane protein is responsible for restoring the original concentration of sodium and potassium
Sodium/Potassium Pump
98
What happens the action potential reaches the axon terminal
Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft
99
The resting membrane potential is usually around
-70mV
100
What causes the membrane potential to rise?
A stimulus applied to the cell
101
After the stimulation is applied the neuron reaches what is known as it's
threshold membrane potential
-55mV
102
Repolarization
When the relative voltage inside the cell falls when the potassium channels are open; the cell is moving back towards resting potential
103
Hyperpolarization
When the potassium channels are open and the resting potential overshoots and becomes below the resting potential
104
Vesicles
store neurotransmitters
105
Model organism
a non-human organism that scientist extensively study to gain understanding into biological processes
106
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction, heart regulation, intestinal function, learning, and memory
107
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that plays a role in pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory and movement
108
Gamma-Aminobu-Tryic Acid (GABA)
Inhibitory neurotransmitter it is essential for signal regulation in the CNS
109
Glutamate
Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; present in more than 90% of all brain synapses
110
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a role in flight or fight response; increases arousal and attention
111
Serotonin
neurotransmitter associated with regulation of mood, sleep patterns and digestion
112
When the relative voltage inside the cell falls when the potassium channels are open; the cell is moving back towards resting potential
Repolarization
113
When the potassium channels are open and the resting potential overshoots and becomes below the resting potential
Hyperpolarization
114
store neurotransmitters
Vesicles
115
a non-human organism that scientist extensively study to gain understanding into biological processes
Model Organism
116
Neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction, heart regulation, intestinal function, learning, and memory
Achetalcholine
117
neurotransmitter that plays a role in pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory and movement
Dopamine
118
Inhibitory neurotransmitter it is essential for signal regulation in the CNS
GABA
119
Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; present in more than 90% of all brain synapses
Glutamate
120
Excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a role in flight or fight response; increases arousal and attention
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
121
neurotransmitter associated with regulation of mood, sleep patterns and digestion
Serotonin
122
Agonist drug
mimic the action of neurotransmitter or hormone
123
Antagonist drug
Bind to the synaptic receptors and decrease the effects of the neurotransmitter
124
Inverse agonist drug
binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of the agonist
sometimes called a blocker
125
Reuptake inhibitor drugs
blocks the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter so there is more left in the synapse
126
Reflex
an automatic response to a stimulus that doesn't reach the level of consciousness
127
Reaction
a thoughtful response to external stimuli in which the brain processes the nerve impulse before reacting
128
formula for calculating reaction time
p 38
129
cognitive decline
the condition of having memory loss reduced or slower thinking or other impaired mental capabilities due to age
130
Alzheimers
difficulty remembering, confusing family and friends; trouble controlling emotions
131
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Pins and needles, loss of balance, loss of vision, fatigue and muscle weakness
132
Huntington's Disease
depression (mood swings), uncontrolled muscle movements, loss of balance, changes in cognition
133
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
muscle weakness in hands and feet, tripping and stumbling, muscle twitches and slurred speech, eventually complete physical decline
134
epilepsy
Overly aggressive shaking and convulsions after little sleep
135
Parkinson's Disease
moves in slow motion, loss of balance, shakiness, and loss of fine motor skills
Festinating gait
136
Fibromyalgia (FM)
Sensitivity to light and sound, pain from light touch, depression
137
Devic's disease
AKA: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
Loss of vision, blurred vision, loss of bladder control, mild numbness and spasms in the arms; affects eyes and spinal cord
138
OMT
Problems with feet, numbness in fingers change in shape of muscles
139
mimic the action of neurotransmitter or hormone
agonist
140
Bind to the synaptic receptors and decrease the effects of the neurotransmitter
Antagonist
141
binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of the agonist
sometimes called a blocker
Inverse agonist drug
142
blocks the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter so there is more left in the synapse
Reuptake inhibitor
143
Endocrine system
A complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and release hormones into the bloodstream
144
Glands
Organs throughout the body that produce and release substances such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, saliva, and milk.
145
Insulin
a hormone released by the Islets of Langerhans (Beta Cells) which regulates blood glucose levels
146
Glucagon
a hormone formed in the pancreas which promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
Antagonist to insulin
147
A target cell responds to a hormone because...
it has a specific receptor for that hormone
147
Chart P.46
148
Hypothalamus
small area in the center of the brain that helps regulate hormones, body temperature, sleep and thirst
149
Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin to regulate sleep cycle
150
Pituitary gland
regulates growth, metabolism, response to stress and trauma reproduction, and lactation
151
Thyroid
plays a major role in growth, development and metabolism
152
Thymus
makes WBC until puberty; releases hormones that control the pituitary gland
153
Adrenal Glands
Release the hormone epinephrine and helps regulate metabolism, blood pressure and immune system
154
Testis
produces sperm and testosterone (secondary sex characteristics)
155
Ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone which regulate reproduction and menstration
156
BPA
used to make some plastics
157
Phytoestrogens
an estrogen occurring naturally in legumes; flax seed, tofu, and soy milk
158
Phthalates
used to make plastics more flexible
159
Testosterone
sex hormone responsible for secondary male characteristics
160
Triclosan
used as an antimicrobial in products like soaps, toothpaste, clothes and toys
161
Estrogen
puberty, reproduction, bone health, help in production of sperm cells
162
Progesterone
Reproduction and testosterone production
