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HBS > 2.1 Nervous system > Flashcards

2.1 Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

a signaling molecule produced by a gland. It induces a specific effect on the activity of cells.

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Part of the nervous system that consist of the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates.

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3
Q

Function of the CNS

A

Receive sensory information from the environment or the body.
Process the information it receives (integration).
Respond with motor output to muscles or glands

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Cranial nerves except the optic nerve (CN II)
Autonomic nervous system
Spinal nerves

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5
Q

Lobe

A

A division of a body organ marked off by a fissure on the surface (Brain, liver, lungs)

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6
Q

Cerebrum

A

The anterior portion of the brain composed of the right and left hemispheres.

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7
Q

Cerebrum Function

A

It is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body.
(memory, emotions, and learning)

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

A large dorsal projection of the brain situated between the brainstem and the posterior portion of the cerebrum

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9
Q

Cerebellum function

A

coordination of muscles
equilibrium

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10
Q

Brain Stem

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum

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11
Q

Gyri

A

A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves

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12
Q

Sulci

A

A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri

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13
Q

Picture page 4, 7, 8

A
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14
Q

Occipital Lobe Function

A

Visual and spatial processing
depth perception
memory formation

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15
Q

Parietal Lobe Function

A

Receives and processes sensory input
Spatial awareness

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16
Q

Frontal Lobe Function

A

Voluntary movement
higher level functioning

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17
Q

Temporal Lobe Function

A

Processing auditory information
encoding information

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18
Q

Brain stem function

A

vital involuntary functions

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19
Q

Midbrain

A

eye movement

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20
Q

Pons

A

facial movement, hearing, balance

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21
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Breathing, heart rhythm, blood pressure, swallowing

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22
Q

Motor cortex

A

generate signals to direct movement

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23
Q

Sensory cortex

A

Process and make sense of information gathered by our senses

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24
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bundle of fibers that connect the two hemispheres

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25
Q

Pituitary gland

A

produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction

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26
Q

Thalamus

A

Processes all sensory information except smell and sends it to the Cortex for interpretation

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27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Helps keep homeostasis; regulates appetite and body temperature;

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28
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of limbic system involved in memory, learning, and emotion

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29
Q

Page 10, 11, 12

A
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30
Q

Henry Molaison’s surgery

A

removed hippocampus; unable to move short term memory to long term memory

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31
Q

a signaling molecule produced by a gland. It induces a specific effect on the activity of cells.

A

Hormones

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32
Q

Part of the nervous system that consist of the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates.

A

CNS

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33
Q

All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Cranial nerves except the optic nerve (CN II)
Autonomic nervous system
Spinal nerves

A

PNS

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34
Q

A division of a body organ marked off by a fissure on the surface (Brain, liver, lungs)

A

lobe

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35
Q

The anterior portion of the brain composed of the right and left hemispheres.

A

Cerebrum

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36
Q

A large dorsal projection of the brain situated between the brainstem and the posterior portion of the cerebrum

A

Cerebellum

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37
Q

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and cerebrum

A

Brain stem

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38
Q

A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri

A

Sulci

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38
Q

A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves

A

Gyri

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39
Q

Visual and spatial processing
depth perception
memory formation

A

Occipital Lobe

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40
Q

Receives and processes sensory input
Spatial awareness

A

Parietal Lobe

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41
Q

Voluntary movement
higher level functioning

A

Frontal Lobe

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42
Q

Processing auditory information
encoding information

A

Temporal Lobe

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43
Q

Clinical Researchers

A

work in the health care or health sciences industries to develop new technologies, medications and treatments

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44
Q

Experimental Researcher

A

do experiments to test properties of drugs

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45
Q

Neurons

A

Primary signaling cell of the nervous system

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46
Q

Glial Cells

A

cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons

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47
Q

action potential

A

a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron

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48
Q

Synapse

A

the place where a nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another

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49
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

a substance that transmits nerve impulses across the synapse
norepinephrine acetylocholine

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50
Q

Suzana Herculano-Houzel

A

creating a fast and inexpensive way for counting the amount of neurons in the brain using immune histochemistry

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51
Q

Santiago Ramon Y Cajal

A

Discovered neurons are separated and have an electric current that goes one way to deliver information

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52
Q

Alexa Canady

A

Research led to creation of a programable siphon shunt that is used to treat hydrocephalies

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53
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from another cell and bring the electrical impulse to the cell body

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54
Q

Axon

A

Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body passing the message on to the next cell

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55
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath; allow ions to move in to push the electrical signal down the axon

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56
Q

Cell membrane

A

Semipermeable membrane made of phospholipids that surround the cytoplasm of all cell types

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57
Q

Axon Terminals

A

button like ending of axons; release neurotransmitters to other cells

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58
Q

Cell Body

A

the core section of the neuron; maintains it’s structure, provides energy, and containing the genetic material

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59
Q

Schwann Cells

A

produces myelin

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60
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (action potential) passing along the axon. Found on the axons in brain and spinal cord

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61
Q

Nucleus

A

contains genetic material for cell development and the synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival

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62
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

located on the axon terminal

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63
Q

Primary signaling cell of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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64
Q

cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons

A

Glial Cells

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65
Q

a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron

A

action potential

66
Q

the place where a nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another

A

Synapse

67
Q

a substance that transmits nerve impulses across the synapse
norepinephrine acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter

68
Q

Receive information from another cell and bring the electrical impulse to the cell body

A

Dendrites

69
Q

Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body passing the message on to the next cell

A

Axon

70
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath; allow ions to move in to push the electrical signal down the axon

A

Node of Ranvier

71
Q

Semipermeable membrane made of phospholipids that surround the cytoplasm of all cell types

A

Cell Membrane

72
Q

button like ending of axons; release neurotransmitters to other cells

A

Axon terminal

73
Q

the core section of the neuron; maintains it’s structure, provides energy, and containing the genetic material

A

Cell Body

74
Q

Produce myelin

A

Schwann Cell

75
Q

a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (action potential) passing along the axon. Found on the axons in brain and spinal cord

A

Myelin Sheath

76
Q

contains genetic material for cell development and the synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival

A

Nucleus

77
Q

Located on the axon terminal

A

Terminal Button

78
Q

Multipolar Neurons
Location and abundance
P16

A

CNS
Efferent PNS (motor neurons)
very common

79
Q

Bipolar Neurons
Location and abundance
P16

A

Olfactory Epithelium
Retina
ganglia of vestibular cochlear nerve
Rare

80
Q

Pseudo unipolar Neurons

A

CNS
Sensory Ganglia of most cranial nerves

81
Q

Unipolar

A

Afferent (sensory) part of PNS
Common in invertebrates but rare in vertebrates

82
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of balance or stability of physical or chemical environment of an organism to enable optimum function

83
Q

Action Potential

A

a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron

84
Q

Resting potential of a cell

A

Positive exterior More Sodium
Negative interior More potassium

85
Q

Depolarization

A

occurs when the sodium channels open allow sodium into the cell making it more positive inside the cell

86
Q

Repolarization

A

Potassium channels open and sodium channels close; moving potassium ions back outside the cell

87
Q

Sodium/Potassium pump

A

Actively moves 3 sodium out and 2 potassium into the cell this maintains resting potential

88
Q

Sodium Channel

A

Allow sodium to pass into the cell when the cell is depolarized. This propagates the action potential

89
Q

Potassium Channel

A

move potassium ions out of the neuron

90
Q

State of balance or stability of physical or chemical environment of an organism to enable optimum function

A

Homeostasis

91
Q

a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron

A

Action potential

92
Q

occurs when the sodium channels open allow sodium into the cell making it more positive inside the cell

A

Depolarization

93
Q

Potassium channels open and sodium channels close; moving potassium ions back outside the cell

A

Repolarization

94
Q

actively moves 3 sodium out and 2 potassium into the cell this maintains resting potential

A

Sodium/Potassium Pump

95
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

96
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

97
Q

Which membrane protein is responsible for restoring the original concentration of sodium and potassium

A

Sodium/Potassium Pump

98
Q

What happens the action potential reaches the axon terminal

A

Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft

99
Q

The resting membrane potential is usually around

A

-70mV

100
Q

What causes the membrane potential to rise?

A

A stimulus applied to the cell

101
Q

After the stimulation is applied the neuron reaches what is known as it’s

A

threshold membrane potential
-55mV

102
Q

Repolarization

A

When the relative voltage inside the cell falls when the potassium channels are open; the cell is moving back towards resting potential

103
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

When the potassium channels are open and the resting potential overshoots and becomes below the resting potential

104
Q

Vesicles

A

store neurotransmitters

105
Q

Model organism

A

a non-human organism that scientist extensively study to gain understanding into biological processes

106
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction, heart regulation, intestinal function, learning, and memory

107
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter that plays a role in pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory and movement

108
Q

Gamma-Aminobu-Tryic Acid (GABA)

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter it is essential for signal regulation in the CNS

109
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; present in more than 90% of all brain synapses

110
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a role in flight or fight response; increases arousal and attention

111
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter associated with regulation of mood, sleep patterns and digestion

112
Q

When the relative voltage inside the cell falls when the potassium channels are open; the cell is moving back towards resting potential

A

Repolarization

113
Q

When the potassium channels are open and the resting potential overshoots and becomes below the resting potential

A

Hyperpolarization

114
Q

store neurotransmitters

A

Vesicles

115
Q

a non-human organism that scientist extensively study to gain understanding into biological processes

A

Model Organism

116
Q

Neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction, heart regulation, intestinal function, learning, and memory

A

Achetalcholine

117
Q

neurotransmitter that plays a role in pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory and movement

A

Dopamine

118
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter it is essential for signal regulation in the CNS

A

GABA

119
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain; present in more than 90% of all brain synapses

A

Glutamate

120
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a role in flight or fight response; increases arousal and attention

A

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

121
Q

neurotransmitter associated with regulation of mood, sleep patterns and digestion

A

Serotonin

122
Q

Agonist drug

A

mimic the action of neurotransmitter or hormone

123
Q

Antagonist drug

A

Bind to the synaptic receptors and decrease the effects of the neurotransmitter

124
Q

Inverse agonist drug

A

binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of the agonist
sometimes called a blocker

125
Q

Reuptake inhibitor drugs

A

blocks the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter so there is more left in the synapse

126
Q

Reflex

A

an automatic response to a stimulus that doesn’t reach the level of consciousness

127
Q

Reaction

A

a thoughtful response to external stimuli in which the brain processes the nerve impulse before reacting

128
Q

formula for calculating reaction time
p 38

A
129
Q

cognitive decline

A

the condition of having memory loss reduced or slower thinking or other impaired mental capabilities due to age

130
Q

Alzheimers

A

difficulty remembering, confusing family and friends; trouble controlling emotions

131
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

Pins and needles, loss of balance, loss of vision, fatigue and muscle weakness

132
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

depression (mood swings), uncontrolled muscle movements, loss of balance, changes in cognition

133
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

muscle weakness in hands and feet, tripping and stumbling, muscle twitches and slurred speech, eventually complete physical decline

134
Q

epilepsy

A

Overly aggressive shaking and convulsions after little sleep

135
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

moves in slow motion, loss of balance, shakiness, and loss of fine motor skills
Festinating gait

136
Q

Fibromyalgia (FM)

A

Sensitivity to light and sound, pain from light touch, depression

137
Q

Devic’s disease
AKA: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

A

Loss of vision, blurred vision, loss of bladder control, mild numbness and spasms in the arms; affects eyes and spinal cord

138
Q

OMT

A

Problems with feet, numbness in fingers change in shape of muscles

139
Q

mimic the action of neurotransmitter or hormone

A

agonist

140
Q

Bind to the synaptic receptors and decrease the effects of the neurotransmitter

A

Antagonist

141
Q

binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of the agonist
sometimes called a blocker

A

Inverse agonist drug

142
Q

blocks the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter so there is more left in the synapse

A

Reuptake inhibitor

143
Q

Endocrine system

A

A complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and release hormones into the bloodstream

144
Q

Glands

A

Organs throughout the body that produce and release substances such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, saliva, and milk.

145
Q

Insulin

A

a hormone released by the Islets of Langerhans (Beta Cells) which regulates blood glucose levels

146
Q

Glucagon

A

a hormone formed in the pancreas which promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
Antagonist to insulin

147
Q

A target cell responds to a hormone because…

A

it has a specific receptor for that hormone

147
Q

Chart P.46

A
148
Q

Hypothalamus

A

small area in the center of the brain that helps regulate hormones, body temperature, sleep and thirst

149
Q

Pineal Gland

A

secretes melatonin to regulate sleep cycle

150
Q

Pituitary gland

A

regulates growth, metabolism, response to stress and trauma reproduction, and lactation

151
Q

Thyroid

A

plays a major role in growth, development and metabolism

152
Q

Thymus

A

makes WBC until puberty; releases hormones that control the pituitary gland

153
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Release the hormone epinephrine and helps regulate metabolism, blood pressure and immune system

154
Q

Testis

A

produces sperm and testosterone (secondary sex characteristics)

155
Q

Ovaries

A

produce estrogen and progesterone which regulate reproduction and menstration

156
Q

BPA

A

used to make some plastics

157
Q

Phytoestrogens

A

an estrogen occurring naturally in legumes; flax seed, tofu, and soy milk

158
Q

Phthalates

A

used to make plastics more flexible

159
Q

Testosterone

A

sex hormone responsible for secondary male characteristics

160
Q

Triclosan

A

used as an antimicrobial in products like soaps, toothpaste, clothes and toys

161
Q

Estrogen

A

puberty, reproduction, bone health, help in production of sperm cells

162
Q

Progesterone

A

Reproduction and testosterone production

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