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A-level biology AQA > 3.1 Biological molecules > Flashcards

3.1 Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 5 key molecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic acids
  5. Water
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2
Q

what is the glucose formula?

A

C6H12O6

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3
Q

what position is the hydroxide in Alpha glucose?

A

below the ring plane

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4
Q

what are the three carbohydrates that you need to know?

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

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5
Q

what are the two types of starch

A

amylose
amylopectin

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6
Q

what is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

amylose is unbranched.

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7
Q

what bond forms between saccharides (glucose)

A

glycosidic

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8
Q

what type of glucose is cellulose made of and what does i create?

A

Beta glucose causes hydrogen bonds to form between the unbranched chains.

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9
Q

what is the definition for monosaccharide

A

a single reducing sugar monomer

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10
Q

what is the definition for a disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

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11
Q

what is the defenititon for a polysaccharide

A

many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

what is a glycosidic bond made from

A

two hydroxides

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13
Q

what type of reaction forms glycosidic bonds?

A

condensation

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14
Q

what type of reaction breaks down glycosidic bonds?

A

hydrolysis

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15
Q

what is the test for sugars (glucose)

A

benedicts test

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16
Q

what is the method for the benedicts test for reducing sugars.

A

-add benedicts solution to iquid sample
- place in water bath at 100 degrees c
take observations every 2 minutes
- positive test = colour change blue -> brick red

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17
Q

what is the method for the benedicts test for non reducing sugars.

A
  • add hydrochloric acid
  • incubate (100 degrees) for 2 minutes
  • gradually add sodium hydrogen carbonate to sample until no more fizzing.
  • check ph with litmus paper
  • add benedicts reagent
  • incubate
  • record observations every two minutes
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18
Q

what are the examples of reducing sugars

A

galactose
glucose
fructose
maltose

19
Q

whats an example of a non-reducing sugar?

A

sucrose

20
Q

what is a reducing sugar

A

a sugar that can accept electrons

21
Q

what does a colouromiter measure?

A

% absorption of light

22
Q

true or false colouromiter results can be used against a concentration curve to quantify results

A

true

23
Q

what do triglycerides consist of?

A

1 glycerol
3 fatty acids

24
Q

what bonds form between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acid chain?

A

ester bonds

25
Q

what functional groups make up a fatty acid chain?

A

carboxyl and methyl

26
Q

when a chain has hydrogens on the same side of a double bond it is called a…

A

cis-fatty acid

27
Q

when a chain has hydrogens on either side of the c=c double bond, the chain is called….

A

trans-fatty acid

28
Q

what are the three functions of lipids?

A

increase buoyancy
store energy
insulation

29
Q

what are phospholipids made from?

A

phosphate
glycerol
2 fatty acid chains

30
Q

what do phospholipids form around a cell

A

a phospholipid bi-layer

31
Q

what is the current model for the plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic model

32
Q

what factors effect fluidity of fluid mosaic model

A

cholesterol amount
temperature
fatty acid saturation (straight or bent tails)

33
Q

what is the test for lipids?

A

emulsion test

34
Q

what is the method for the emulsion test?

A

add ethanol, shake
add distilled water,shake

35
Q

what is the positive result for the emulsion test?

A

milky white layer forms
** not cloudy **

36
Q

what are the five functions of proteins

A

enzymes
structural
contractile
immunoproteins
transport

37
Q

what are the two functional groups of an amino acid?

A

amine group
carboxyl group

38
Q

what bond forms between amino acids

A

peptide bonds

39
Q

how many variations of amino acid are there?

A

20

40
Q

where does a peptide bond form?
(between which functional groups)

A

hydroxide and amine

41
Q

what is the test for proteins?

A

buiret test

42
Q

what is the method for the buirets test

A

add equal distilled water and sodium hydroxide solution to sample

43
Q

what is the test for starch?

A

iodine

44
Q

what is the method for the iodine test for starch?

A

crush food and add distilled water
add iodine solution
positive = brown/orange -> blue black

A-level biology AQA (3 decks)

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