3.1 biological molecules Flashcards
Describe the chemical reactions involved in the conversion of polymers to monomers and monomers to polymers.
polymers to monomers= hydrolysis breaking a chemical bond
monomers to polymers= condensation forming a chemical bond
Give two named examples of polymers and their associated monomers to
DNA= nucleotide
amino acid= proteins
starch, glucose, cellulose= glucose
what is a monomer
small units from which polymers are made
what is a polymer
repeating units of monomers
A biochemical test for reducing sugar produces a negative result with
raffinose solution.
Describe a biochemical test to show that raffinose solution contains a non-reducing sugar.
boil with acid. cool and add alkali to neutralise. heat with benedicts solution. turns from blue to orange/red if positive.
what are the 3 monosaccharides
glucose galactose and fructose
what are the three disaccharides
maltose, sucrose and lactose
what are the three polysaccharides
starch, cellulose and glycogen
what bonds are present in disaccharides?
glycosidic
what two monosaccharides form maltose
two alpha glucose
what two monosaccharides form sucrose
fructose and glucose
what two monosaccharides form lactose
galactose and glucose .
what are polysaccharides
condensation reaction between many glucose monomers
what monomer is present in starch and glycogen
alpha glucose
what monomer is present in cellulose
beta glucose
what are the bonds in amylose
1-4
what are the bonds in amylopectin
1-4 and 1-6
what are the bonds in cellulose
1-4
what are the bonds in glycogen
1-4 and 1-4
what is the function of starch
store of glucose
what is the function of cellulose
strength and support
what is the function of glycogen
store of glucose
what is the structure of amylose
unbranched helix, coiled
what is the structure of amylopectin
branches
what is the structure of cellulose
straight chains held by hydrogen bonds
what is the structure of glycogen
many branches
how does amylose structure link to function
coils help for more storage as its compact
how does amylopectin structure link to its function
branches so larger surface area so enzymes can reach bonds for rapid hydrolysis
how does cellulose structure link to function
hydrogen bonds provide strength and structure, fibrils
how does glycogen structure link to its function
branches so larger surface area so enzymes can reach bonds for rapid hydrolysis
what is a triglyceride
non polar, hydrophobic containing a glycerol and 3 fatty acids
describe the structure of glycerol
3 carbon molecules with 3 alcohol groups
describe the structure of a fatty acid
carboxyl group connected to a hydrocarbon chain connected to a methyl/R group
what does saturated mean
no double bonds
what does unsaturated mean
double bonds
how are triglycerides formed
the hydroxyl (OH) on the glycerol bonds with the carboxyl group on the fatty acid tail which forms an ester bond.
what is the function of a triglyceride
energy source. many c-h bonds which release energy during respiration using ATP
what is a phospholipid
glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate head
what is the function of a phospholipid
cell membrane bilayer, hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail
describe the structure of a nucleotide
phosphate head, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base.
what is a polynucleotide
polymer of nucleotides joined by a condensation reaction between phosphate and sugar to form a phosphodiester
describe the structure of DNA
polynucleotide, nucleotides joined by condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds. base pairs joined by hydrogen bonds. double helix. nucleotide= phosphate group, sugar, base
describe the process of semi conservative DNA replication
- hydrogen bonds are broke by DNA helicase.
- each strand acts as a template
- free DNA nucleotides join up to exposed bases by complimentary base pairing. A-T C-G
- DNA polymerase joins DNA nucleotides by a condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds
describe the structure of RNA
polynucleotide, short. ribose, uracil, single helix
