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biology > 3.1 biological molecules > Flashcards

3.1 biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the chemical reactions involved in the conversion of polymers to monomers and monomers to polymers.

A

polymers to monomers= hydrolysis breaking a chemical bond
monomers to polymers= condensation forming a chemical bond

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2
Q

Give two named examples of polymers and their associated monomers to

A

DNA= nucleotide
amino acid= proteins
starch, glucose, cellulose= glucose

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2
Q

what is a monomer

A

small units from which polymers are made

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3
Q

what is a polymer

A

repeating units of monomers

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4
Q

A biochemical test for reducing sugar produces a negative result with
raffinose solution.
Describe a biochemical test to show that raffinose solution contains a non-reducing sugar.

A

boil with acid. cool and add alkali to neutralise. heat with benedicts solution. turns from blue to orange/red if positive.

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5
Q

what are the 3 monosaccharides

A

glucose galactose and fructose

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6
Q

what are the three disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose and lactose

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7
Q

what are the three polysaccharides

A

starch, cellulose and glycogen

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8
Q

what bonds are present in disaccharides?

A

glycosidic

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9
Q

what two monosaccharides form maltose

A

two alpha glucose

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10
Q

what two monosaccharides form sucrose

A

fructose and glucose

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11
Q

what two monosaccharides form lactose

A

galactose and glucose .

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12
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

condensation reaction between many glucose monomers

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13
Q

what monomer is present in starch and glycogen

A

alpha glucose

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14
Q

what monomer is present in cellulose

A

beta glucose

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15
Q

what are the bonds in amylose

A

1-4

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16
Q

what are the bonds in amylopectin

A

1-4 and 1-6

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17
Q

what are the bonds in cellulose

A

1-4

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18
Q

what are the bonds in glycogen

A

1-4 and 1-4

19
Q

what is the function of starch

A

store of glucose

20
Q

what is the function of cellulose

A

strength and support

21
Q

what is the function of glycogen

A

store of glucose

22
Q

what is the structure of amylose

A

unbranched helix, coiled

23
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin

A

branches

24
Q

what is the structure of cellulose

A

straight chains held by hydrogen bonds

25
Q

what is the structure of glycogen

A

many branches

26
Q

how does amylose structure link to function

A

coils help for more storage as its compact

27
Q

how does amylopectin structure link to its function

A

branches so larger surface area so enzymes can reach bonds for rapid hydrolysis

28
Q

how does cellulose structure link to function

A

hydrogen bonds provide strength and structure, fibrils

29
Q

how does glycogen structure link to its function

A

branches so larger surface area so enzymes can reach bonds for rapid hydrolysis

30
Q

what is a triglyceride

A

non polar, hydrophobic containing a glycerol and 3 fatty acids

31
Q

describe the structure of glycerol

A

3 carbon molecules with 3 alcohol groups

32
Q

describe the structure of a fatty acid

A

carboxyl group connected to a hydrocarbon chain connected to a methyl/R group

33
Q

what does saturated mean

A

no double bonds

34
Q

what does unsaturated mean

A

double bonds

35
Q

how are triglycerides formed

A

the hydroxyl (OH) on the glycerol bonds with the carboxyl group on the fatty acid tail which forms an ester bond.

36
Q

what is the function of a triglyceride

A

energy source. many c-h bonds which release energy during respiration using ATP

37
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate head

38
Q

what is the function of a phospholipid

A

cell membrane bilayer, hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail

39
Q

describe the structure of a nucleotide

A

phosphate head, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base.

40
Q

what is a polynucleotide

A

polymer of nucleotides joined by a condensation reaction between phosphate and sugar to form a phosphodiester

41
Q

describe the structure of DNA

A

polynucleotide, nucleotides joined by condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds. base pairs joined by hydrogen bonds. double helix. nucleotide= phosphate group, sugar, base

42
Q

describe the process of semi conservative DNA replication

A
  1. hydrogen bonds are broke by DNA helicase.
  2. each strand acts as a template
  3. free DNA nucleotides join up to exposed bases by complimentary base pairing. A-T C-G
  4. DNA polymerase joins DNA nucleotides by a condensation reaction
43
Q

describe the structure of RNA

A

polynucleotide, short. ribose, uracil, single helix

44
Q
A
45
Q
A

biology (8 decks)

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