Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > 3.1 Autoimmunity > Flashcards

3.1 Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are some key points about autoimmune diseases?

A
  • Autoimmune diseases are increasing
  • 80% are women
  • Increased morbidity and mortality
  • Manifests during adolescence and adulthood mainly
  • Incurable but managable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What parts of the body are affected by autoimmune conditions?

A

Any organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Immune response against host due to loss of immunological tolerance of self-antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is autoimmune disease?

A

Conditions caused by tissue damage or disturbed physiological responses due to an immune response against self-antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is immunological tolerance?

A

Host processes that prevent potentially harmful immune responses against host or self antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What mechanisms lead to the breakdown of immunological tolerance?

A
  • Breakdown of central tolerance-failure to delete autoreactive T or B cells
  • Breakdown of peripheral tolerance-regulatory T cell defects, impaired immunomodulation, altered self-antigens
  • Activation of autoreactive B cells-T cell-independent activation of B cells, carrier effect (complex foreigen-self antigens)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between organ specific and non-organ specific autoimmune disease?

A

Organ specific
- One of multiple self-antigens within one single organ or tissue

Non-organ specific
- Widely distributed self-antigens throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Outline hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Organ specific
- Thyroid peroxidase
- Thyroglobulin

TPO antibodies and thyroglobulin antibodies

Causes hypothyroidism

Type IV HSR

Graves’ disease is Type II HSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outline T1DM

A

Organ specific
- Proteins in the pancreatic islet cells

Causes hyperglycaemia

Type IV HSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outline multiple sclerosis

A

Organ specific
- Myelin sheath destruction
- Damaged oligodendrocytes

Type IV HSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline goodpasture’s disease

A

Organ specific
- Glomerular/alveolar basement membrane
- Type IV collagen affected

Causes glomerulonephritis

Type II HSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Outline addison’s disease

A

Organ specific
- Steroid-21 hydroxylase (adrenal cortex)

Causes adrenal insufficiency

Type II-IV HSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Outline myasthenia gravis

A

Organ specific
- AChR destruction in the NMJ

Skeletal muscle weakness

Type II HSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Outline pernicious anaemia

A

Organ specific
- Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells
- Decreased intrinsic factor, reduced B12 absorption

B12 Deficiency

Type II HSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Outline autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

Non-organ specific
- RBC antigens

Anaemia

Type II HSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Outline rheumatoid arthritis

A

Non-organ specific
- Rheumatoid factor (Fc portion of the IgG)

Inflammatory arthritis

Test via serum sample

Type III-IV HSR

17
Q

Outline systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

Non-organ specific
- Double stranded DNA and other nuclear proteins (histones)

Multisystemic

Test via serum sample

Type III HSR

18
Q

Outline sjorgen’s syndrome

A

Non-organ specific
- Nuclear antigens Ro and La

Dry eyes, mouth and arthritis

Type IV HSR

19
Q

How can tissue damage/physiological change occur due to autoimmune disease?

A

Autoantibody driven:
- Complement activation
- Antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity
- Neutrophil activation

Autoreactive T cell driven:
- Cytotoxic T cells
- Macrophages

All either type II, III or IV HSRs

20
Q

What is the set of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune disease?

A
  1. Presence of autoantibodies/autoreactive T cells
  2. Level of autoantibodies correlate with disease severity
  3. Autoantibodies/autoreactive T cells found at site of tissue damage
  4. Transfer of autoantibody or autoreactive T cells to healthy host induces autoimmune disease (eg vertical transmission)
  5. Clinical benefit from immunomodulatory therapy
  6. Family history
21
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary autoantibodies ?

A

Primary drives disease, plasmapharesis improves condition

Secondary play potential role but do not drive disease

22
Q

Give 4 examples of primary autoantibodies

A
  • Anti-TSHR-Graves’ disease
  • Anti-acetylcholine receptor-Myasthenia gravis
  • Anti-voltage-gated Ca2+ channel antibodies-Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome
  • Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies-Goodpasture’s syndrome
23
Q

Give 4 examples of secondary autoantibodies

A
  • Anti-nuclear antibodies-SLE
  • Anti-gastric parietal cell antibodies-pernicious anaemia
  • Anti-thyroid peroxydase antibodies-Hashimoto thyroiditis
  • Anti-Rheumatoid Factor antibodies-Rheumatoid arthritis
24
Q

What test do we use to detect antibodies?

A

Coomb’s Test

Auto-antibodies not always detected, cannot rule out if negative

Table for interest

25
Q

How are autoantidobies detected at site of tissue damage?

A
  • Indirect immunofluoresence
  • Immunofluoresence
  • Radioimmunoassay
  • Coomb’s test
  • Agglutination

Take biopsy then test^

26
Q

What histological feature is present on hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Lymphocytic inflitration

27
Q

Complete the table

A
28
Q

What does it mean that myasthenia gravis is transient in neonates?

A

Mother’s autoantibodies are replaced by own body’s antibodies when the immune system matures

29
Q

How do you treat neonatal myasthenia gravis?

A

Neostigmine

ACh Esterase inhibitor

30
Q

What triggers autoimmunity?

A

Genetic factors
- Increased risk with affected sibling or identical twin
- AIRE mutations that affect central tolerance (gene codes for T cells to not attack self antigens)
- MHC variants (HLADR3/4)

Environmental factors
- Hormones
- Infections
- Drugs

31
Q

What is the significance of hormonal factor involvement in autoimmune disease?

A

Females affected much more

In pregnancy hormones released by placenta can improve some autoimmune conditions

32
Q

What is another reason that females are affected by autoimmune conditions more than men?

A

Females are XX

1 X should be inactive, but in some cases 25% of genes are active on the second X chromosome

Can cause problems with immune regulation

33
Q

Complete the table

A

Immunology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions