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A2 BIOLOGY > 3.1/3 ATP and respiration > Flashcards

3.1/3 ATP and respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ATP

A

a phosphorylated nucleotide

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2
Q

what features does mitochondria have

A

inter membrane space
outer mitochondrial membrane
inner mitochondrial membrane
matrix
cristae
ring of DNA
70s ribosome

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3
Q

what is the purpose of glycoloysis

A

to break down glucose, as it won’t go into mitochondria.

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4
Q

what does glycolysis happen

A

to break glucose into smaller molecules to carry on the rest of respiration to make ATP

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5
Q

what does phosphorylated mean

A

adding a phosphate

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6
Q

what does glycolysis start with

A

glucose

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7
Q

what happens to glucose in glycolysis

A

glucose is phophorylated, an ATP is added and hydrolysed
glucose goes into hexose phosphate

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8
Q

what does hexose phosphate go to

A

an ATP is added and goes to hexose diphosphate

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9
Q

what happens to hexose diphosphate

A

it is unstable so dissociates into 2x triose phosphate

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10
Q

what is NAD

A

a co-enzyme used with dehydrogenase enzymes

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11
Q

what happens to 2x triose phosphate

A

oxidation/dehydrogenation reaction
triose phosphate is oxidised by NAD
NAD goes to NADreduced

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12
Q

what happens between 2x triose phosphate and 2x glycerate 3 phosphate

A

2 ATP are made by substrate level phosphorylation

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13
Q

what happens to glycerate 3 phosphate

A

2x pyruvate
and another 2 ATP are made by substrate level phosphorylation

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14
Q

how many ATP are used per glucose
(glycolysis)

A

2

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15
Q

how many ATP are made per glucose
(glycolysis)

A

4

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16
Q

net ATP per glucose
(glycolysis)

A

2

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17
Q

NAD reduced
per glucose
(glycolysis)

A

2

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18
Q

FAD reduced
per glucose
(glycolysis)

A

0

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19
Q

CO2 produced
(glycolysis)

A

0

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20
Q

how many times does the link reaction happen per glucose

A

twice

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21
Q

where does glycolysis happen

A

in the cytoplasm

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22
Q

where does the link reaction happen

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

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23
Q

what happens to pyruvate in the link reaction

A

it is oxidised
CO2 is removed and co-enzyme A is added
NAD goes to NAD reduced

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24
Q

how many carbons in the following:
glucose
hexose phosphate
hexose diphosphate
2x triose phosphate
2x glycerine 3 phosphate
2x pyruvate

A

6
6
6
2 x 3c
2x3c
2x 3c

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25
Q

how many carbons in the following:
pyruvate
acetyl co-enzyme A

A

3c
2c

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26
Q

per glucose
link reaction
ATP used
ATP made
Net ATP
NAD reduced
CO2 produced

A

0
0
0
2
0
2

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27
Q

purpose of the Krebs cycle

A

to reduce NAD

28
Q

where does the Krebs cycle happen

A

mitochondrial matrix

29
Q

what goes into the Krebs cycle and what happens

A

acetyl CoA goes into the Krebs cycle and joins to the 4c to make a 6c. the CoA is regenerated

30
Q

6c to 5c

A

decarboxylation reaction (CO2 removed)
6c is oxidised, oxidation reaction NAD to NAD reduced

31
Q

5c to 4c

A

decarboxylation reaction (CO2 out)
5c is oxidised
NAD to NAD reduced

32
Q

4c (1) to 4c (2)

A

oxidation reaction
FAD to FAD reduced

33
Q

4c (2) to 4c (3)

A

oxidation reaction NAD to NAD reduced

34
Q

where does the electrons transport chain occur

A

on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

35
Q

what increases the surface area in the inner membranes

A

infoldings called Cristae

36
Q

what are in the ETC

A

electron carriers and proton pumps within the inner membrane and ATP synthetase enzyme

37
Q

what happens in the ETC

A

electrons pass through a series of electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane by REDOX reactions which produces energy

38
Q

explain oxidative phosphorylation

A

reduced NAD and FAD are reoxidesided. the NAD and FAD return to glycolysis, links and Krebs
they donate 2H and splits into 2 electrons and 2 protons

39
Q

in the ETC what happens to the and hydrogen ions eventually

A
40
Q

what are electrons mopped up by?

A

oxygen-
called the final electron acceptor

41
Q

what is the energy from the ETC used for

A

used to actively transport H+ from the matrix to the inter-membrane space. this creates an electrochemical gradient

42
Q

what can an electrochemical gradient also be known as

A

pH gradient/ proton gradient

43
Q

explain what happens to the H+ ions after the electrochemical gradient

A

the H+ pass through the protein channel to return into the matrix by diffusion (down the concentration gradient) this is called chemiosmosis

44
Q

how is ATP produced

A

as the H+ pass through the protein channel, they rotate the enzyme ATP synthetase (attached to a stalked particle) this catalysed ADP+Pi goes to ATP
H+ mopped up by o2

45
Q

fully explain oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. reduced NAD becomes oxidised, splits into a proton and electron
  2. electrons fuel the protons pumps
  3. energy allows the proteins to pump protons from matrix to inter-membrane space (electrochemical gradient)
  4. reduced FAD oxidised splitting into a proton and electron
  5. protons then diffuse back across the inner membrane from the inter-membrane space to the matrix (down concentration gradient) via ATP synthetase
  6. as the reduced NAD fuels three pumps, 3 molecules of ATP are generated
  7. reduced FAD fuels 2 pumps, 2 ATP made
  8. oxygen= final electron acceptor and combines with the electrons and protons to from water. helps maintain concentration gradient
46
Q

what’s the importance of oxygen as the final electron acceptor

A

helps to maintain the concentration gradient

47
Q

how many ATP’s are made in glycolysis by:
- substrate level phosphorylation
-reduced NAD
-reduced FAD

A

2
6 (2x3)
0

48
Q

how many ATP’s are made in the link reaction
-substrate level phosphorylation
- reduced NAD
-reduced FAD

A

-0
-6 (2x3)
-0

49
Q

how many ATP are made in Krebs
-sub-level phosphorylation
-reduced NAD
- reduced FAD

A
  • 2
  • 18 (6x3)
  • 4
50
Q

how many ATP’s are made in total

A

38 altogether

51
Q

function of the loop of DNA found within the mitochondrion

A
  • so they can self replicate
  • so that it can code for making enzymes
52
Q

where does anaerobic respiration happen

A

cytoplasm

53
Q

explain anaerobic respiration in animals

A

glycolysis happens
then
2x pyruvate undergoes oxidation reaction
2x reduced NAD to 2NAD
into lactate (lactic acid)

54
Q

explain anaerobic respiration in yeast and plants

A

glycolysis
2x pyruvate has a decarboxylation reaction, CO2 leaves into 2 ethanol
reduced NAD to NAD
into 2 ethanol

55
Q

what needs to be done before respiration can happen with non-carbohydrates

A

molecules must be hydrolysed by the cell
lipids are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol
proteins are broken down into amino acids

56
Q

when are other molecules used instead of glucose in respiration

A

respiration of lipids is carried out when there’s no glucose
protein is only used in cases of extreme shortage of other substrates

57
Q

explain respiration of lipids

A

the glycerol part of the lipid has 3c. it’s phosphorylated using ATP and enter the chain as a triose phosphate molecule. fatty acid broken into 2c acetyl fragments can go in and be picked up by Coenzyme A and go on to enter the Krebs cycle

58
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced from the single glycerol molecule
and each acetyl fragments

A

18
12

59
Q

why is fat a useful energy storage molecule in animals and plants

A

level potential ATP production is much higher with lipids for a molecule of glucose

60
Q

what’s a possible issue with the respiration of lipids

A

huge oxygen demand it requires. the large numbers of turns of grebes for each fatty acid produce an even larger number of reduced hydrogen acceptors which in turn require an equally large number of oxygen molecules to re-oxidise them. (difficult)

61
Q

explain respiration of proteins

A

amino acid enters at various points within the Krebs cycle

62
Q

problems of respiring amino acids

A

we need the amino acids to make our own polypeptide, protein, hormones, muscles etc. so we don’t want to be wasting them on respiration

63
Q

explain why ATP is described as the universal energy currency

A

it is used in all cells in all metabolic reactions

64
Q

advantages of ATP for its function as a source of energy

A
  • only needs one enzyme to release energy
  • released in small amounts (30.6) efficient, not wasted
    -it’s soluble can move around the cell
65
Q

explain why the two hydrogen acceptors NAD and FAD lead to the production of different numbers of ATP molecules

A

because NAD can fuel three proton pumps, FAD can only fuel two proton pumps
ETC for NAD has more electron carriers than FAD

A2 BIOLOGY (4 decks)

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