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Britain Transformed 1918-97 > 3.1 > Flashcards

3.1 Flashcards

to what extent did British class structure + social values change between 1918 + 1979?

1
Q

how many Old Etonians died in WW1?

A

20%

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2
Q

when were death duties increased?

A

1929, ‘46 + ‘49

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3
Q

what did the 1911 Parliament Act do?

A

HOL can only delay legislation, not block

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4
Q

how was the upper class affected by WW1?

A
  • disproportionate heavy toll on their lives
  • huge increase in income tax + death duties
  • gentry sold off almost 1/4 of all land in England
  • 1911 Parliament Act
  • 1937 Country Houses Scheme allowed families to live in homes rent free if they gave National Trust ownership + opened house to public for 60 days/year
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5
Q

how was the upper class affected by WW2?

A
  • wealthy landowners made up 40% of MPs in 1910, fell to 5% by 1945
  • 1949 Parliament Act meant HOL can only delay for 1 year
  • 1958 onwards - ‘hereditary peers’ replaced by ‘life-peers’
  • rise of satire + greater social mobility undermined deference (Beyond the Fringe)
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6
Q

how was the middle class affected by WW1?

A
  • educational opportunities -> more professionals -> greater social mobility
  • war gave a spur to m/c employment
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7
Q

how was the middle class affected by WW2?

A
  • by 1939, 60% of m/c = home owners, compared to 20% of w/c
  • rise of m/c jobs bc of improved educational opportunities, leading to social mobility
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8
Q

how was the working class affected by WW1?

A
  • trade union membership fell 405 during 1020-22 recession
  • rationing helped promote w/c health, life expectancy rose (men 49-56, women 53-60 during 1911-21)
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9
Q

how was the working class affected by WW2?

A
  • Marwick - WW2 led to a ‘profound + lasting change’
  • Addison - WW2 led to ‘only very modest change in society’
  • general consensus, sustained + effective gov intervention (safety net) after ‘45
  • no pass protests about inequality of wealth in Britain (top 0.1% of population owned 33% of wealth, bottom 75% had <£100 each)
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10
Q

what does Marwick argue the 1960s marked?

A

the end of Victorianism + rise of a more permissive society

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11
Q

what does Burke argue about the 1960s?

A

liberal values were only really held by a small minority, many were still reserved + cautious

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12
Q

what did Kinsey’s Sex Survey in America + his book Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female do?

A

undermined the moral condemnation of sex before marriage

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13
Q

when was the Obscene Publications Act?

A

1959

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14
Q

what did the Obscene Publications Act do?

A

recognised greater public openness to sexual images + discussion, only at an ‘elite’ level

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15
Q

when was the Theatres Act?

A

1968

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16
Q

what allowed the British Board of Film Directors to allow screening of films with some sexual content before 1977?

A

Theatres Act

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17
Q

what was the 4th most popular film in 1974 + why was this significant?

A

Emmanuelle
it was a soft porn film

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18
Q

who wrote the 1972 book The Joy of Sex?

A

Dr Comfort

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19
Q

what did The Joy of Sex book show?

A

sex as pleasure + was fully illustrated

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20
Q

where did demands from liberal laws come from?

A

certain backbench MPs who based their private members’ bill on campaigns that had gone back several decades rather than public pressure

21
Q

what do Schofield + Gorer’s surveys suggest about the 1960s?

A

notions of a ‘sexual revolution’ in the 1960s are hugely exaggerated + greatly misleading

22
Q

what did a 1963 poll reveal about social attitudes towards homosexuality?

A

93% thought homosexuals were ill + needed medical treatment

23
Q

how many men were in prison in the mid 1950s purely bc of their sexuality?

A

> 1,000

24
Q

when was the trial of Lord Montague + Peter Wildeblood?

A

1954

25
Q

why was the trial of Lord Montague + Peter Wildeblood important?

A

led to a growing public perception that the state should not be able to regulate what consenting adults do in their own homes

26
Q

what did the Wolfenden Committee (1957) Report recommend?

A

private, consenting homosexual acts should be decriminalised for men >21

27
Q

when was the Sexual Offences Act?

A

1967

28
Q

give evidence that the Sexual Offences Act was limited

A

no. of men arrested for ‘public indecency’ trebled between 1967-72 (due to increased police attention)

29
Q

when + where was the first ever gay pride march?

A

1971
London

30
Q

who released ‘Glad to Be Gay’ + when?

A

Tom Robinson
1976

31
Q

why was ‘Glad to be Gay’ important?

A

reached 18 in the singles chart

32
Q

who wanted to see a ‘reversal of the permissive society’?

A

Thatcher

33
Q

who opposed the permissive society based on their religious views?

A

Mary Whitehouse

34
Q

how many signatures did she secure for her Clean-Up TV petition in 1964 + why was this significant?

A

500,000
she sent it to the Queen

35
Q

why did Mary Whitehouse launch a legal campaign against the magazine Gay News in 1977?

A

for publishing a ‘blasphemous’ poem about a Roman soldier having sex with Jesus

36
Q

what book did Mary Whitehouse publish in 1977 + what did she say in it?

A

Whatever Happened to Sex?
‘being gay was like having acne’

37
Q

what was staged in Hyde Park in September 1971 to promote Christian morality + prevent the spread of ‘moral pollution’?

A

Nationwide Festival of Light

38
Q

what does Brown say in his book The Death of Christian Britain?

A

sees the 1960s as a key decade when Britain became ‘secularised’

39
Q

when was the Divorce Reform Act?

A

1969

40
Q

when was the Abortion Act?

A

1967

41
Q

how many people supported the abortion Act?

A

70%

42
Q

how many of those interviewed by Schofield + Gorer disapproved of homosexuality + believed it should be punished more severely?

A

85%

43
Q

when was the Profumo Scandal?

A

1963

44
Q

what was the Profumo Scandal?

A

Minister of War, John Profumo, shared a 19-year old sex partner with a Soviet diplomat
initially he denied it but later admitted to it + resigned in March 1963

45
Q

what did the Profumo Scandal lead to?

A

decline in deference

46
Q

what do many historians regard as the start of the permissive society?

A

the Lady Chatterley trial outcome

47
Q

what was the case of Lady Chatterley’s Lover?

A

the gov tried to prosecute the publisher under the Obscene Publications Act (1959) but the jury decided in favour of Penguin and that the book had sufficient merit

48
Q

what did Mary Whitehouse co-found in 1965?

A

NVALA
(National Views + Listeners Association)

Britain Transformed 1918-97 (14 decks)

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