3.1 Flashcards
to what extent did British class structure + social values change between 1918 + 1979?
how many Old Etonians died in WW1?
20%
when were death duties increased?
1929, ‘46 + ‘49
what did the 1911 Parliament Act do?
HOL can only delay legislation, not block
how was the upper class affected by WW1?
- disproportionate heavy toll on their lives
- huge increase in income tax + death duties
- gentry sold off almost 1/4 of all land in England
- 1911 Parliament Act
- 1937 Country Houses Scheme allowed families to live in homes rent free if they gave National Trust ownership + opened house to public for 60 days/year
how was the upper class affected by WW2?
- wealthy landowners made up 40% of MPs in 1910, fell to 5% by 1945
- 1949 Parliament Act meant HOL can only delay for 1 year
- 1958 onwards - ‘hereditary peers’ replaced by ‘life-peers’
- rise of satire + greater social mobility undermined deference (Beyond the Fringe)
how was the middle class affected by WW1?
- educational opportunities -> more professionals -> greater social mobility
- war gave a spur to m/c employment
how was the middle class affected by WW2?
- by 1939, 60% of m/c = home owners, compared to 20% of w/c
- rise of m/c jobs bc of improved educational opportunities, leading to social mobility
how was the working class affected by WW1?
- trade union membership fell 405 during 1020-22 recession
- rationing helped promote w/c health, life expectancy rose (men 49-56, women 53-60 during 1911-21)
how was the working class affected by WW2?
- Marwick - WW2 led to a ‘profound + lasting change’
- Addison - WW2 led to ‘only very modest change in society’
- general consensus, sustained + effective gov intervention (safety net) after ‘45
- no pass protests about inequality of wealth in Britain (top 0.1% of population owned 33% of wealth, bottom 75% had <£100 each)
what does Marwick argue the 1960s marked?
the end of Victorianism + rise of a more permissive society
what does Burke argue about the 1960s?
liberal values were only really held by a small minority, many were still reserved + cautious
what did Kinsey’s Sex Survey in America + his book Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female do?
undermined the moral condemnation of sex before marriage
when was the Obscene Publications Act?
1959
what did the Obscene Publications Act do?
recognised greater public openness to sexual images + discussion, only at an ‘elite’ level
when was the Theatres Act?
1968
what allowed the British Board of Film Directors to allow screening of films with some sexual content before 1977?
Theatres Act
what was the 4th most popular film in 1974 + why was this significant?
Emmanuelle
it was a soft porn film
who wrote the 1972 book The Joy of Sex?
Dr Comfort
what did The Joy of Sex book show?
sex as pleasure + was fully illustrated
where did demands from liberal laws come from?
certain backbench MPs who based their private members’ bill on campaigns that had gone back several decades rather than public pressure
what do Schofield + Gorer’s surveys suggest about the 1960s?
notions of a ‘sexual revolution’ in the 1960s are hugely exaggerated + greatly misleading
what did a 1963 poll reveal about social attitudes towards homosexuality?
93% thought homosexuals were ill + needed medical treatment
how many men were in prison in the mid 1950s purely bc of their sexuality?
> 1,000
when was the trial of Lord Montague + Peter Wildeblood?
1954
