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britain transformed 1918-97 > 2.2 > Flashcards

2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

what was welfare like in the early 20th century compared to post WW2?

A

early 20th = sporadic, uneven, voluntary, based on insurance
psot WW2 = comprehensive, NHS, state controlled, based on tax

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2
Q

what are 2 examples of what welfare was like in the early 20th century?

A

Friendly Societies + Voluntary Hospitals

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3
Q

what did the National Insurance Act (1911) do?

A

provided free medical care + 13 weeks’ sick pay for members

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4
Q

how was the National Insurance Act (1911) limited?

A

only applied to certain workers + didn’t cover workers’ families

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5
Q

how did WW2 expose inadequacies of British healthcare?

A

41% of men rated ‘unfit’
10% judged unusable

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6
Q

when was the Ministry of Health set up + why was it significant?

A

1919
it was 1st time gov dept focused on health - showing its a priority

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7
Q

why was the Ministry of Health limited in significance?

A

lacked authority + political will required to radically change the system

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8
Q

by 1937, how many million workers were covered by state health insurance?

A

18 mil

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9
Q

when was a national system of blood transfusion depots established + what did it continue as?

A

1939
National Blood Transfusion Service after 1942

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10
Q

when was the Emergency Medical Service set up + what did it do?

A

1939
treat military personnel + a wider range of civilian casualties

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11
Q

what did Beveridge describe the NHS as?

A

a ‘satisfactory scheme of social security’

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12
Q

who was Aneurin Bevan?

A

Minister of Health in 1945
determined to make a centrally run system by taxation

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13
Q

when was the National Service Act + what did it do?

A

1946
established centralised system of welfare (NHS)

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14
Q

when did 90% of doctors of the BMA vote against working within the NHS?

A

Feb 1948

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15
Q

why did 90% of doctors (18k) in the BMA finally agree to working within the NHS in July 1948?

A

“stuffing their mouths with gold”
- Bevan granted docs a fee for each patient (instead of direct salary)
- he allowed them to retain priv patients

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15
Q

why did 90% of doctors of the BMA vote against working within the NHS?

A

it would undermine their clinical independence
in reality, most were concerned with losing their income

16
Q

did the NHS help combat disease? (YES)

A
  • 1st 10 years, new antibiotic drug made no. of deaths of TB fall (25k to 5k/year)
  • 90% drop in cases of whopping cough, 1970
  • syphilis almost completely eradicated by 1990s
  • NHS began offering MMR vaccine for free
17
Q

did the NHS help combat disease? (NO)

A
  • heart disease + cancer increased 1950s + ’60s
  • arthritis continued being biggest health problem (200k men + 700k women)
18
Q

how did life expectancy change for men + women ,1950-79?

A

men: 66-70
women: 71-75

18
Q

what was the NHS cost % of GNP in 1950, 1970 + 1990?

A

1950 = 4%
1970 = 5%
1990 = 14%

19
Q

did the NHS succeed in advances in medical science? (YES)

A
  • increase in treatments available (1948, only one antibiotic by 1968- 33)
20
Q

did the NHS succeed in advances in medical science? (NO)

A
  • fed higher expectations + demands of healthcare (‘dandruff syndrome’)
  • backlog of cases to deal with 1948, difficult to dedicate time + funds to planning + restructuring
  • no. of staff employed by NHS rose (doubled 1948-79)
21
Q

what did Bevan’s resignation lead to?

A

split in Labour Party

22
Q

when + where did the 1st kidney transplant take place?

A

1960
Edinburgh Royal Infirmary

23
Q

when was the pill introduced?

A

1961

24
Q

how many women took the pill in 1962 compared to 1969?

A

1962 - <100,000
1969- >1 mil

25
Q

when was the Abortion Act introduced?

A

1967

26
Q

when did the 1st full hip replacement take place?

A

1962

27
Q

where + when did the 1st heart transplant take place?

A

1967
National Heart Hospital, London

28
Q

when was the CT (computerised tomography) scanner invented?

A

1972

29
Q

why was the CT scanner significant?

A
  • became standard equipment
  • contributed to improved patient care
  • led to increasing costs

britain transformed 1918-97 (14 decks)

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