3.1

Question 1

what are the aims and objectives of the police

Answer 1

to keep peace and maintain order
protect life and property
prevent detect and investigate crime
bring offenders to justice

Question 2

what is the PACE act 1984

Answer 2

gives police powers to stop, question, search, arrest and detain offenders

Question 3

where does the police get its funding from

Answer 3

1 - 2/3rds from the gov (2020/21 budget was £15 billion)
2 - local council tax
3 - charging for services eg football matches

EG between 2010-18 funding has fallen by 19%, which has lead to a fall in 20,000 police numbers. By 2020 there were 123,000 police officers in England and wales

Question 4

what is the philosophy of the police

Answer 4

the Met police was established in 1829 by SIR ROBERT PEEL who was the home secretary
- they are public servants serving the public and law
- police are just citixens in uniform who are paid

peelers - were the first police officers
bobbies - police officers seen on the street

Question 5

what are the working practices of the police

Answer 5

39 regional forces in england and wales
Police deal with all types of criminal but there are specialist law enforcement agencies who deal with stuff like tax
EG the HM Revenue and Customs deal with tax evasions and tax fraud

Question 6

what are the specialist departments of the police

Answer 6

eg under water search teams and dog handlers, british transport police

special constables - unpaid, parttime volunteers who undergo the same training and have the same legal powers as paid police officers
PCSOs - peace keeping on the street, less powers than police

Question 7

the beginning of the CPS

Answer 7

was set up under the Prosecution Offences act 1985 and was established in 1986
before the police had to lead the prosecutions which ;ed to bias and a lack of efficiency and quality of evidence

Question 8

role of the cps

Answer 8

assess evidence brought by the police
advise the police on legal matters
decide if they should be prosecuted and what charges should be brought
prepare and lead the prosecution case in court

Question 9

philosophy of the cps

Answer 9

to be independent and equal
honest and open
professional excellence

Question 10

funding the cps

Answer 10

half a billion pounds each year from the gov
if the courts award the costs against the defendant the cps get paid them
assets seized from criminals

CPS budget been cut by 25% in 2018 and lost more than 1/3 of the staff which means that there are more mistakes

Question 11

reach of the cps

Answer 11

deals with all types of crime
14 local area branches in england and wales
the 15th is CPS direct which offers 24/7 advisory service to police

Question 12

what tests do they cps have to go through

Answer 12

1 - evidential test: is there enough evidence that they could get a conviction and all evidence is admissible
2 - public interest test: how serious is the offence, what harm did the victim suffer, age and the impact the offence had on the community
3 - threshold test: even if there isn’t enough evidence a suspect may still be charged under certain circumstances - must be reasonable grounds to believe they are guilty and that more evidence will be gathered to get a conviction and that if the offence is serious enough to justify charging and that it would be too risky to offer bail

Question 13

philosophy of the judiciary

Answer 13

judicial independence
impartiality
competence

when appointed, they swear two oaths: the oath of allegiance (loyalty to the queen) and the judicial oath (to treat people equally)

Question 14

aims of the judiciary

Answer 14

crown court - manage a trial, ensure fairness to both sides, explaining points of law and passing a sentence if guilty

appeals court - make rulings on appeals from lower courts eg creating precedents

Question 15

funding the judiciary

Answer 15

Senior Salaries Review Body advises that recommends what judges should be paid.
eg most senior judge in 2020 got £260,000 whilst district judges got £112,000

some experiences barristers working in commercial law can get paid up to £1 million which can put people off becoming judges

Question 16

working practices of judges

Answer 16

have a very important role in society
security of the tenure - protected from being ousted so politicians cant abuse the system and have them removed (hard to remove a judge and its only happened once in 1830)

Question 17

philosophy of prisons

Answer 17

HM Prison and probation service is the gov agency responsible for uk prison
purpose to ‘prevent victims by changing lives of offenders’

Question 18

aim of prisons

Answer 18

• protect the public from harm
• rehabilitate so that offenders can positively to society
• hold prisoners securely and implement the sentence given in court

Question 19

funding of prisons

Answer 19

paid for by gov from taxes - in 2018 they got £3billion which is 16% lower than in 2010. This resulted in cuts to staffing - 15% reduction of prison officers in 2010-19. This resulted in experienced staff leaving and in 2020 almost 1/3 of staff had less than 3 years experience

the average cost to keep a prisoner in 2019 was £41,136

Question 20

prisons working practices

Answer 20

• in 2019 121 prisons were holding 80,000 prisoners
• prisoners are sorted into 2 categories - A is a high security prison such as BELMARSH and B is low security like FORD
• prisoners are rehabilitated by educating classes and work experience - criticised in 2020 by the Chief Inspector of prisons who said half of prisons didn’t have enough programmes for useful activities. this was because there isn’t enough staff to supervise activities
• incentives and earned privileges are achieved by keeping to the rules: 3 levels: - 1 basic: misbehaviour eg limited visits
  2 standard: all prisoners enter on this eg spending money they’ve earn’t
  3 enhanced: good behaviour eg tv in cell

Question 21

philosophy of probation

Answer 21

belief that offenders can change and better themselves
belief in the worth of the individual
committed to social justice

Question 22

aims of the national probation service

Answer 22

‘a statutory criminal justice system that supervises high risk offenders released into the community and provides statutory support to victims of serious sexual or violent crime’

priority - to protect the public by rehabilitating offenders

Question 23

what are the types of client that probation gets

Answer 23

1- offenders serving community service - eg 300 hours of unpaid work and a curfew
2 - offenders released on license from prison before the end of their sentence to attend a drug treatment or anger management class

Question 24

funding of probation

Answer 24

2018 there was £4.6 billion between prisons and probation

PRIVITISATION partly went very wrong (ending the CRCs) because they were taking risks with payers money and there was a lack of face to face meetings, there was no reduce in re-offending. 19/21 companies didnt meet the targets for reducing offending. Report in 2018 by COMMONS PAC said that £342 million had been spent on crc’s and by 2020 the ministry of justice had spent over £500 million more than expected

Question 25

working practises of probation

Answer 25

250,000 offenders on probation
- probation are resobsible for preparing pre-sentence reports for the courts for them to establish most appropriate sentences
- they assess prisoners to prepare them for release on license back to the community

Question 26

what is the aims of charities and pressure groups

Answer 26

to promote the interests and welfare of the people they are concerned with - ex offenders or victims of crime

charities - provide help to those in need
pressure groups - campaign to achieve change

Question 27

what is NACRO

Answer 27

National Association for the Care and resettlement of Offenders
founded in 1966 and combines pgs and charities

Question 28

aims and objectives of NACRO

Answer 28

seeks to change lives, strengthen communities and prevent crime
overcome stereotypes of ex prisoners
provide services

Question 29

what services do NACRO provide

Answer 29

charity bit of the group

housing - they house over 3000 tenants in its own properties and provides bail accom (in 2018 2,600 people left custody with secure and perminant accom)

education - in 2018, 4,900 people studied through nacro

ressetlement advice - provides support and advice about employment, education and accom

outreach projects - keep young people from offending

Question 30

campaigns by NACRO

Answer 30

pressure group bit

Ban the Box campaign which aims to allow people with convictions to compete for jobs by removing the tick box for criminal convictions on job applications

Question 31

NACROS funding

Answer 31

have an income of £50 million a year from public donations and gov grants for providing services for ex- offenders