3.1

Question 1

scientific cycle

Answer 1

1) hypothesis
2) experimental design
3) gathering, recording, analysis of data
4) evaluation of results
5) conclusions

Question 2

null hypothesis

Answer 2

hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between two variables, what the researcher is trying to discredit.

Question 3

replace, reduce, refine

Answer 3

three Rs of animal studies

Question 4

refine

Answer 4

make sure animal suffering is minimised, better housing, procedure improvement to minimise pain and/or improve animal welfare.

Question 5

reduce

Answer 5

obtain information from fewer animals or more information from the same number of animals.

Question 6

replace

Answer 6

use alternative techniques or avoid using animals all together

Question 7

Informed consent, withdraw at any time, confidentiality

Answer 7

ethical considerations when using human subjects in studies

Question 8

one-off results

Answer 8

to be treated with caution

Question 9

plagiarism

Answer 9

the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own.

Question 10

informed consent

Answer 10

participants should be given details of the study and the opportunity to decline, participants under 16 must also have a parent or carer provide this.

Question 11

right to withdraw

Answer 11

participants should have the option to withdraw their consent to participate right up until publication of the data

Question 12

confidentiality

Answer 12

any data gathered should be anonymous to protect the rights of the participants.

Question 13

peer review

Answer 13

specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.

Question 14

review articles

Answer 14

summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field.