1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

hazard

A

a factor or object that can cause harm upon exposure.
E.g. Pathogenic organisms, toxic and corrosive chemicals, heat and flammable substances, equipment.

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2
Q

risk

A

the likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard

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3
Q

risk assessment

A

Involves identifying control measures to minimise risk

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4
Q

control measures

A

include using appropriate handling techniques, PPE and aseptic technique

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5
Q

pathogenic organism

A

an organism that can cause disease

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6
Q

aseptic technique

A

technique used to reduce contamination

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7
Q

autopipette

A

used to measure very small volumes of liquid accurately

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8
Q

burette

A

used to dispense precise volumes of liquid reagents

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9
Q

linar dilution

A

dilutions of a solution which differ by a constant proportion

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10
Q

standard curve

A

to determine the concentration of an unknown solution

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11
Q

buffer

A

used to control pH, allows pH of a solution to be kept constant

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12
Q

colorimeter

A

used to quantify the concentration (absorbance) or turbidity (uses transmission) of a solution, use blank to calibrate

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13
Q

spectrophotometer

A

used to determine the spectra reflectance at each wavelength, more complex analysis than colorimeter

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14
Q

centrifugation

A

used to separate substances of differing density

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15
Q

supernatant

A

a solution of lower density materials that is formed at the top of an Eppendorf tube after centrifugation

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16
Q

pellet

A

higher density materials that form at the bottom of an Eppendorf tube after centrifugation

17
Q

chromatography

A

a separation technique used to separate the components of a mixture (amino acids, sugars, proteins).

18
Q

paper chromatography

A

to separate pigments in a leaf, uses polar cellulose fibres, polar components bind, non-polar don’t bind as readily and travel further.

19
Q

thin layer chromatography

A

to separate different substance such as amino acids and sugars but stationary phase is a strip of absorbent material (e.g. silica gel)

20
Q

mobile phase

A

the mixture to be separated during chromatography is dissolved into this fluid.

21
Q

stationary phase

A

components of mixture are separated as they move through this, changes depending on chromatography type.

22
Q

affinity chromatography

A

used to separate proteins

23
Q

affinity

A

the degree to which a substance is attracted and tends to bind to another

24
Q

What are the basics of gel electrophoresis (PAGE)

A

charged macromolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids move through an electric field applied to a buffered gel matrix

25
What is native PAGE?
do not denature the molecules being separated - they preserve structure and function separation is by shape, size and charge
26
What is SDS-PAGE?
contain sodium dodecyl sulfate which denatures molecules passing through gives molecules a negative charge, separating proteins by size alone simple to carry out but structure and function of protein is lost
27
What is the isolelectric (IEP) point?
the pH value at which these proteins are electrically neutral, with surface charges that are balanced pH below IEP = + pH above IEP = - at IEP the protein loses water solubility and precipitates out of solution
28
What are imunoassay techniques?
used to detect/identify specific proteins, use antibodies called monoclonal antibodies which are linked to chemical 'label' of an enzyme that changes colour or that shows chemiluminescence, fluorescence or radioactivity specific antigens bind and colour change occurs
29
What is western blotting?
used after SDS-PAGE, the separated proteins are blotted to a solid medium and dried proteins labelled using antibodies then antibody with 'label' is added so that it is visible to the eye
30
What is bright field microscopy?
examines whole organisms, parts of organisms, thin dissected tissue or cells
31
What is fluorescence microscopy?
uses UV light to detect specific fluorescent stains which bind to and visualise certain molecules or structures within cell or tissues
32
Aseptic technique
eliminates unwanted microbial contaminants when culturing micro-organisms or cells involves sterilisation of equipment and culture media by heat or chemical means
33
How can a microbial culture be started?
using an inoculum of microbial cells on an agar medium or in a broth with suitable nutrients
34
What are animal cells grown in?
medium containing serum which contains growth factors
35
What are growth factors?
proteins that promote growth and proliferation
36
Why would you want to plate a microbial culture?
plating of liquid culture onto solid media allow number of colony-forming units to be counted and density of cells estimated serial dilution often needed to achieve
37
What are haemocytometers?
microscopic grids used to estimate cell numbers in a liquid culutre vital staining needed
38
What is vital staining?
used to identify and count viable cells because the stain can distinguish between cells that are alive or dead