307 Final Flashcards
Know the difference between “growth” and “development.
Growth: Increase in physical size
Development: Sequential process by which infants and children various skills and functions
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
2 month milestone
Looks at face, reacts to loud sounds, Smiles when talked to, Holds head up on tummy
6 month milestone
Knows familiar people, takes turns making sounds with you, Reaches to grab a wanted toy, Rolls from tummy to back
1 year milestone
Play games like patty cake, says mama and dada, Pulls up to stand, places things in containers
18 month milestone
Copies you doing chores, tries to use spoon, Points to show interest, 3 or more words at a time
2 year milestone
Tries to use switches, knobs or buttons on toy, kicks a ball, looks at your face to learn how to react to new situation, two or more words together
30 month milestone
About 50 words, Uses things to pretend, Shows you what they can do, jumps off ground with both feet
3 year milestone
Talk in conversation, Draws a circle, Notices other children and joins to play, Use fork
4 year mile stone
Answer simple questions, Name a few colors of items, unbutton some buttons, likes to be a helper
What are the normal vital sign ranges for pediatric patients?
Normal Respiratory Rate
Newborn 30-55 breaths/min
1 year 25-40
3 years 20-30
6 years 16-22
12 years 12-20
Normal Heart Rate
Newborn 100-170 beats/min
Infant to age 2 years 80-130
2-6 years 70-120
7-10 years 70-110
10-16 years 60-100
What is meant by “primitive reflexes”?
automatic, involuntary movements that babies are born with to help them survive outside the womb
What are the primitive reflexes?
Eye blinking
Rooting (Stroke cheek near corner of mouth)
Sucking (Place finger in infant mouth)
Swimming (Place infant face down in water)
Moro (Hold infant on back and let head drop slightly)
Palmar grasp (Place fingers in palm of infant hand)
Tonic Neck (Turn infants head to one side while they are awake)
Stepping ( Hold infant under arms and allow bare feet to touch flat surface)
Babinski (Stroke sole of foot from toe to heel)
Assessing Infants
HR and RR while asleep
Warm environment/equipment
Head to toe
Intrusive assessments until the end
Engage infant if awake
Assessign toddler
Allow parents to hold child
Expose only what is being examined
Tell toddler what you are going to do (don’t ask permission)
Incorporate play
Use lots of praise!!
Assessing preschoolers
Explain in simple terms
Allow them to help
Offer reassurance
Give choices
Assessing school age
Give simple, honest explanations
Provide privacy; respect feelings
Educate
Assessing adolescents
Provide privacy; confidentiality
Discuss findings, “matter of factly”
Encourage questions
Define Sudden Infant Death syndrome. What are the major risk factors?
Sudden, unexplained death of a child less than one year of age
- sleeping incorrectly or with stuffed animals in crib
What is meant by “failure to thrive”?
When the weight or rate of weight gain is significantly below that of other children of the same age and sex
What is the expected rate of growth for a newborn through one year?
Weight doubles by 6 months, triples by first year
Height increases by 12 in
Head circumference increases by 4 in
First tooth at 6 months
Reflexive behavior -> purposeful movement
Expected Respiratory Changes
Respiratory: Gradual decrease in respiratory performance
Decrease in O2, Increased level of CO2, Decrease in ability to perform strenuous exercise, harder to breath, more susceptible to pneumonia
Expected cardiovascular changes
Cardiovascular: Loss of elasticity in blood vessels and arteries (atherosclerosis), valves thicken and stiffen, more likely to have a heart murmur, Orthostatic hypotension, RBC production slows, Neutrophils decrease
Expected abdomen changes
Abdomen: Increased abdominal size, decreased lean mass, increased adipose tissue, altered ability to move food through gi tract, increased constipation, GERD
Expected musculoskeletal changes
Musculoskeletal: Decreased muscle mass, ROM and balance, Decreased stamina and performance in activities, decreased bone density, osteoarthritis