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NURS 307 > 306 exam 2 > Flashcards

306 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Eye Disorders

A

Cataracts-
A clouding of the lens of the eye that causes vision to be blurry, hazy, or less colorful.

Glaucoma-
An increase in intraocular pressure due to the buildup of fluid, or aqueous humor, that causes compression of the optic nerve.
Open Angle: Tunnel Vision, Gradual loss of vision
Closed Angle: Severe pain, sudden onset of decreased vision

Eye Exams: Increased Ocular pressure
Treatment: Eye drops, Laser eye surgery

Acute Macular Degeneration-
An irreversible degeneration of the macula that leads to a loss of central vision as clients age.

Diabetic Retinopathy-
affects blood vessels in the retina causing blindness.

Astigmatism-
A defect that causes both nearby and faraway objects to appear blurry

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2
Q

Acute Macular Degeneration

A

An irreversible degeneration of the macula that leads to a loss of central vision as clients age.

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2
Q

Cataracts

A

A clouding of the lens of the eye that causes vision to be blurry, hazy, or less colorful.

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3
Q

Glaucoma

A

An increase in intraocular pressure due to the buildup of fluid, or aqueous humor, that causes compression of the optic nerve.
Open Angle: Tunnel Vision, Gradual loss of vision
Closed Angle: Severe pain, sudden onset of decreased vision

Eye Exams: Increased Ocular pressure
Treatment: Eye drops, Laser eye surgery

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3
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

affects blood vessels in the retina causing blindness.

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4
Q

Astigmatism

A

A defect that causes both nearby and faraway objects to appear blurry

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5
Q

Eye exams as early as

A

6 months old

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6
Q

Comprehensive eye exam at

A

40
With no comorbidities
2-4 years ages 40-54
1-3 years 44-64
1-2 years 65+

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7
Q

Children ages _______ screened at least once

A

3-5

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8
Q

Eye Safety

A

Wear goggles or safety glasses in an environment that is dangerous

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9
Q

Hyperopia

A

Inability to see nearby objects clearly, also referred to as farsightedness.

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10
Q

Myopia

A

Inability to see faraway objects clearly, also referred to as nearsightedness.

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11
Q

Astigmatism

A

A defect in the eye making objects nearby and faraway look blurry or distorted

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12
Q

Presbyopia

A

Age-related farsightedness, or a gradual decrease in the ability to clearly see nearby caused by the loss of flexibility of the lens of the eye.

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13
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Deficit

A

Effects inner ear, nerve pathway
Could be associated with tinnitus and vertigo
Age related presbycusis, followed by noise-induced hearing loss
Congenital, genetic or acquired

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14
Q

Noise-induced hearing loss

A

Associated with prolonged exposure to sounds greeted than 85 dB including loud music
Can be caused by single exposure to intense sound over 120dB
Wear ear protection, avoid loud situations
Warning signs are inability to hear from 3 feet away

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14
Q

Conductive Hearing loss

A

Loss of hearing at all frequencies
Most common cause: Obstruction of external ear canal
Impacted cerumen
Perforated tympanic membrane

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15
Q

Otosclerosis

A

Abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear.

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15
Q

Otitis Media

A

Inflammation in or the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear that can result in conductive hearing loss

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16
Q

Occupational Risks for hearing loss

A

Machinery, Planes, other loud environments

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17
Q

Presbycusis

A

Age-related hearing loss.

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18
Q

Hair cells of cochlea ______ With aging

A

degenerate

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19
Q

______ pitched tones, conversational speech lost initiaially

A

High

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20
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss that occurs from problems either in the inner ear or on the vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve (cranial nerve VIII).

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21
Q

Conductive Hearing loss

A

Inability of sound to travel from the outer ear to the eardrum and middle ear.

Blockage in ear canal

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21
Q

Tinnitus

A

Hearing sound when no external sound is present, such as ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking, hissing, or humming noises.

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22
Q

Vertigo

A

a sensation of motion or spinning that is often described as dizziness

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23
Q

TORCH

A

Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Syphilis, Herpes

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24
Q

Idiopathic neuropathy

A

Neuropathy due to nerve damage of an unknown cause.

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24
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy

A

Conditions that occur when nerves in the central nervous system become damaged resulting in numbness, pain, and weakness to the extremities.

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25
Q

Diabetic neuropathy

A

Nerve damage that occurs in clients who have diabetes mellitus due to high blood glucose levels and high levels of triglycerides, which cause damage to the nerves and to the small blood vessels supplying blood to the nerves.

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26
Q

Rinne test

A

Tuning fork on mastoid bone, when client cannot hear it place it outside auditory canal

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27
Q

Weber Test

A

Place the tuning fork on the middle of forehead, detect if the client hears the sound equally. Can detect sensorineural issues

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28
Q

Sensory processing disorder

A

When a client appropriately detects sensory stimuli, but their brain has difficulty interpreting and responding appropriately to the stimuli.

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28
Q

Sensory Deficit

A

A deficit in the expected function of one or more of the five senses.

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29
Q

Sensory Deprivation

A

A reduction in or absence of stimuli to one or more of the five senses.

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30
Q

Sensory Overload

A

Receiving stimuli at a rate and intensity beyond the brain’s ability to process the stimuli in a meaningful way.

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31
Q

Ototoxicity

A

Causing damage to or dysfunction of the cochlea or vestibule.

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32
Q

Aphasia

A

A disorder that affects a client s ability to articulate and understand speech and written language due to damage in the brain (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders).

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33
Q

Tactile Hypersensitivity

A

Being overly sensitive to tactile stimulilation.

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34
Q

Tactile Defensiveness

A

A severe sensitivity to touch that most people would find acceptable that often causes physical pain.

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35
Q

Tactile Hyposentivity

A

Under-responsiveness to tactile stimulation.

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36
Q

Gustatory Cells

A

Taste cells that contain specific receptors that allow for differentiation between sweet, sour, bitter, salty, or savory flavors.

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37
Q

Hypogeusia

A

A decreased ability to taste.

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37
Q

Dysgusia

A

A persistent salty, rancid, or metallic taste is said to have dysgeusia.

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38
Q

Aguesia

A

The inability to taste anything.

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39
Q

Phantom taste perception

A

A persistent, foul taste when the mouth is empty.

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39
Q

Hyposmia

A

A reduction in the ability to perceive odors.

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39
Q

Anosmia

A

The inability to smell anything.

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40
Q

Phantosmia

A

The sensation of an odor that isn’t there.

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40
Q

Parosmia

A

a distortion in smells, such as when a previously pleasant smell becomes unpleasant.

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40
Q

Delirium

A

confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment.

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41
Q

Vulnerable Populations

A

Socioeconomic
Different primary language compared to health care site
Sexual Orientation
Sensory Deficits
Demographics

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41
Q

Socioeconomic

A

Education level
Employment status
Household income
Poverty status

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42
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

Clients who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and can also include those clients who are questioning their sexual orientation or sex identity.

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42
Q

Emic knowledge

A

An insider’s viewpoint of a culture.

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43
Q

Cultural Competence

A

Being able to incorporate effective nursing care with emic and etic knowledge including appreciating, accepting, and respecting all individual s cultural influences, beliefs, customs, and values.

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43
Q

Demographics

A

Age
English language proficiency
Household type
Population density
Race and ethnicity
Sex

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44
Q

Health Disparities

A

Preventable differences in incidence and prevalence of disease, injury, or violence among populations, based on race, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, LGBT, age, or socioeconomic status

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44
Q

Etic knowledge

A

An outsider’s viewpoint of a culture.

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44
Q

Culture

A

The learned, shared, and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a particular group that guide their thinking, decisions, and actions in patterned ways.

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45
Q

Cultural Humility

A

Being aware of power imbalances and biases and respecting other peoples values

Not one culture is better than another

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46
Q

Implicit Bias

A

The involuntary attitudes or associations that affect our perceptions, actions, decisions, and interactions with others, unconsciously.

47
Q

Explicit Bias

A

Bias that’s derived from our conscious thoughts and beliefs that can be reported.

48
Q

Health Equity

A

Valuing all individuals equally and removing obstacles to optimal health and health care across different populations.

49
Q

Health Equality

A

The distribution of the same resources, including opportunities, to all individuals within a population.

50
Q

Personal Health Literacy

A

The extent to which an individual can obtain, process, and comprehend basic health information.

51
Q

Organizational Health literacy

A

The extent to which organizations equitably assist individuals with understanding, finding, and using information and services to make informed health-related decisions for themselves and others.

52
Q

Intrapersonal:

A

“Intrapersonal cultural humility occurs when nurses and nurse faculty are actively engaged in examining and critiquing their beliefs and motives.” (Hughes, et. al. 2020)

52
Q

Cultural Health Assessment

A

Assessments that can be conducted to gather information regarding the client’s culture and how it can affect their health.

52
Q

Interpersonal:

A

“Interpersonal humility happens when individuals critically engage in questioning and understanding the values and cultures of their patients, families and colleagues” (Hughes, et. al. 2020)

53
Q

Musculoskeletal system:

A

Muscular system
Skeletal System

54
Q

Muscular system

A

Muscles and Tendons, ligaments, cartilage

54
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones, joints of skeletal system

55
Q

Muscular system and skeletal system work together to…

A

Support body weight, control movements, provide stability, some provide protection for heart, lungs, and brain.

56
Q

Muscle types

A

Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

57
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bones to other bones

58
Q

Tendons

A

Connects muscles to bones

59
Q

Cartilage

A

Flexible connective tissue

60
Q

Acute injury treatment

A

RICE

Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate

POLICE

Protection, Optimal, Load, Ice, Compression, Elevation

60
Q

Pregnancy complications

A

Back pain due to weight
Postural fixing, physical therapy to strengthen back muscles
Caution on meds

61
Q

Alteration in muscles, bones, and joints link a variety of health problems

A

Arthritis
Fractures
Neurological disorders
Traumatic Injuries
Parkinsons
Spinal cord injuries
Back problems
Multiple sclerosis

62
Q

Childhood complications

A

Growing pains
Presents as pain in arms and legs

63
Q

Adolescents complication

A

Most common time to see scoliosis

64
Q

Back Pain – Herniated Disc

A

Perforation on vertebrae leading to escaping fluid to compress nerve root, extremely painful

64
Q

Lumbar Herniated Disc

A

Hip pain, Lower back pain

65
Q

Adult Complications

A

Back pain

66
Q

Cervical Herniated Disc

A

Upper extremity pain, Shoulder pain, Neck pain

67
Q

Herniated Disk interventions

A

Pharmacologic- Meds
Nonpharmacologic- Accupuncture
Surgery

68
Q

Effects of Aging on the body

A

Loss of bone mass
Decrease lean body mass
Increased rigidity in tendons and ligaments
Foot problems
Muscle atrophy
Decreased height
Decreased range of motion

69
Q

Good body mechanics

A

Wide Base
Look at patients
Straight back, no bending at the waist
Life with the legs

70
Q

Clients with Fall Risks

A

Diagnoses
Abnormal lab values (Potassium)
Vital signs
Cognition
Medication (Pain, diuretics)

71
Q

Consequences of immobility

A

Moving is healing
Hospital acquired pressure injuries, DVTs, pneumonia, Falls, Cognition/Delirium, Readmissions, Length of stay, Discharge disposition, Appropriate rehab utilization

Closer we get to a zero fall environment, the further away we get from a culture of mobility

72
Q

Concepts related to mobility

A

Collaboration, Comfort, Health, Wellness, Injury, Illness, Mood and Affect, Safety, Stress and coping

73
Q

The 5+ Senses

A
  • Visual
  • Olfactory
  • Gustatory
    -Tactile
  • Auditory
  • Kinesthetic: Position in time and space
  • Stereognosis: Use of tactile and memory to identify object
  • Visceral: Sensation of knowing something is happening in body
74
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors for Alterations of Sensory Perception

A
  • Environment (UV light exposure, loud sounds)
  • Lifestyle (stress, smoking)
  • Injury
  • Medications
75
Q

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Alterations of Sensory Perception

A
  • Genetics
  • Aging
76
Q

Impacts of Sensory Alteration

A
  • Communication (deaf -> hard to talk/hear)
  • Psychosocial (can’t hear, don’t want to do social things)
  • Independence (challenges independence, confidence, self-esteem)
76
Q

Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Alterations of Sensory Perception

A
  • Disease/Illness
77
Q

Cataracts

A
  • Lenses get cloudy and yellow
  • 60-70yrs old becomes a problem
78
Q

Glaucoma

A
  • Gradual loss of peripheral vision
  • Aqueous Humor flow is compromised
  • Open Angle: Tunnel vision
  • Closed Angle: Severe pain, sudden vision loss
  • Treatment: Eye drops, laser eye surgery
79
Q

Acute Macular Degeneration

A
  • Dark area and distortion
  • Treatment: Antioxidants and zinc
80
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A
  • Bleeding in eye and occludes vision
81
Q

Refractive Errors

A
  • Presbyopia: Aging of the eye, close objects become blurry
  • Myopia: Nearsighted, distant objects appear blurry
  • Astigmatism: Blurry/distorted vision
82
Q

Nursing Interventions for Visually Impaired

A
  • Clear pathways
  • Ensure good lighting
  • Call light, glasses, assistive devices all in reach
  • Prevent Sensory overload
  • Print materials in larger font
83
Q

Tactile Sense

A
  • Access: Touch different texture and temperature objects on patient’s skin with their eyes closed
  • Impairment: Decreased mobility, falls, weak grasp, pressure sores
84
Q

Tactile Impairment Through Lifespan

A
  • Older adults have decreased sensitivity to touch
  • Uncontrolled diabetes causing peripheral neuropathy
  • Polyneuropathy: Damage to multiple body parts
85
Q

Symptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy

A
  • Aching, shooting, tingling, burning pain and weakness
86
Q

Tactile Nursing Care

A
  • Address contributing conditions
  • Change position often to avoid sores
  • Promote effective coping
87
Q

Olfactory Sense

A

Smell
Often not adequately tested
Can use swabs with vanilla
Electro-olfactography

88
Q

Olfactory and Gustatory Nursing Care

A
  • Danger cleaning with some chemicals
  • Gas appliances in good working order
  • Inspect food for freshness
  • Suggest healthy way to add flavor besides salting
  • Maintain good oral care (brush twice, floss once, visit dentist every 6)
88
Q

Olfactory and gustatory Impairment Through Lifespan

A
  • Pregnancy: increase sense of smell, leading to nausea and vomiting or food cravings
  • Older adults: senses diminish
  • May be affected by cold, flu, coronavirus, sinusitis
  • MS and Parkinson’s can affect them as well
89
Q

Hearing Screenings

A
  • Newborns screened regularly
  • Preschool and school age screened at school
  • Adults every 10yrs until 50, every 3yrs after 50
90
Q

Rinne Test

A
  • Place vibrating tuning fork on mastoid bone, remove when can’t hear, place outside ear
  • Air conduction should be twice as long as bone conduction
91
Q

Weber Test

A
  • Place tuning fork on top of head
  • Should hear equally in both ears
92
Q

Auditory Alterations

A

Hearing Deficits May:
- Be partial or total
- Be congenital or acquired
- Affect one or both ears
- Affect specific frequencies or all frequencies

93
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

Equal loss of hearing at all frequencies
Causes
-Obstruction of external ear canal
- Wax buildup
- Perforated ear drum
- Disruption or fixation of ossicles
- Chronic and untreated ear infections

94
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

-Effects inner ear, auditory nerve pathway
- May be associated with tinnitus and vertigo
- Most common cause is age related presbycusis (degeneration of hair cells of cochlea)

94
Q

TORCH

A

T: Toxoplasmosis
O: Other (syphilis, varicella, mumps, parvovirus, HIV)
R: Rubella
C: Cytomegalovirus
H: Herpes simplex

95
Q

Non-pharmacological Auditory Therapies

A

-Hearing aids
-Assistive listening devices
-White or pink noise-masking device
-TD/TTY telephones
-Internet accessibility
-Lip Reading
-Flashing/vibrating safety alarms

96
Q

Pharmacological Auditory Therapies

A

-Decongestants
-Steroids
-Antibiotics
(Used to treat cause of temporary hearing alterations)

97
Q

Auditory Health Promotion

A
  • Earplugs
  • Use email or text instead of call
  • Use written materials
  • Closed captions
  • ASL or Lip reading classes
98
Q

What Components Make Up Muscular System?

A
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Cartilage-
  • Muscles
99
Q

What Components Make Up Skeletal System?

A
  • Bones
  • Joints
100
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bones to other bones

101
Q

Tendons

A

Connects bones to muscles

102
Q

Types of Musculoskeletal Alterations

A

-Back problems
-Fractures
-Multiple Sclerosis
-Osteoarthritis
-Parkinson’s
-Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI)

103
Q

RICE

A

R: Rest
I: Ice
C: Compress
E: Elevate

104
Q

POLICE

A

P: Protection
O: Optimal
L: Load
I: Ice
C: Compression
E: Elevation

105
Q

Concepts Related to Mobility

A

-Collaboration
-Comfort
-Health, Wellness, Illness, and Injury
-Mood and Affect
-Safety
-Stress and Coping

106
Q

Lifespan Considerations: Children

A

-Massive bone growth
-Growing pains in legs/arms

107
Q

Lifespan Considerations: Infants

A

-Flexible
-Unfused cartilaginous joints

108
Q

Lifespan Considerations: Adolescents

A

-Injuries from sports
-Continued muscle and bone growth/development

109
Q

Lifespan Considerations: Pregnancy

A

-Increase weight
-Increase stress on muscles and bone

110
Q

Lifespan Considerations: Older Adults

A

-Compressed Spine
-Decrease muscle mass
-Stiffer joints

111
Q

Pharmacological Interventions For Back Pain

A

-Drugs

111
Q

Herniated Disc Description

A

-Anulus fibrosis ruptures
-Nucleus pulposus herniates
-Nerve gets compresses

112
Q

Non-pharmacological Interventions for Back Pain

A

-Acupuncture
-RICE/POLICE
-Low impact exercise

113
Q

Fall Risks

A

-Abnormal lab values (low potassium causes muscle weakness)
-Vitals out of range
-Cognition
-Meds (diuretics make you pee, get up to go to bathroom, fall)

114
Q

BMAT

A

-Bedside Motility Assessment Tool
1. Assess use of assistive device
2. Have patient reach across body to shake your hand
2. Stretch foot out and point toe (with at least one leg)
3. Bear weight on leg for 5 seconds
4. March in place
5. Step forward and back with each leg

115
Q

immobility

A

An inability to reposition or move self

116
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Fluid-filled capsules that connect bones and enable movement.

117
Q

proprioception

A

Feedback from sensory receptors to coordinate, balance, and fine-tune body positioning and movement.

118
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord, which regulates the responses of the body to external stimuli.

119
Q

Ergonomics

A

Study of body mechanics in relation to the demand and design of the work environment and the equipment used.

120
Q

Mobility

A

Moving from one position to another.

121
Q

Atrophy

A

Become smaller and weaker often from disuse.

122
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Loss of lean muscle caused by immobility.

123
Q

Foot Drop

A

A type of joint contracture that results in the foot and toes permanently pointing downward.

123
Q

Joint Contractures

A

An abnormal fixation of a joint due to changes in muscles and connective tissue.

124
Q

Activity Intolerance

A

Inadequate amount of physical or psychological energy to undergo or complete a necessary activity.

125
Q

Kyphosis

A

Excessive outward curvature of the upper area of the spine.

126
Q

Passive Range of Motion

A

The movement of a joint by another individual.

127
Q

Active Range of Motion

A

Voluntary movement of a joint.

128
Q

BMAT Stages

A

Safety Screen.
Level 1 - Sit and Shake Assessment.
Level 2 - Stretch and Point Assessment.
Level 3 - Stand Assessment.
Level 4 - Walk.

NURS 307 (8 decks)

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