304 Final Exam - CH13: Learning & Memory Flashcards
What are the two types of learning?
DECLARATIVE LEARNING - facts and information
NON-DECLARATIVE LEARNING - perceptual and motor procedures
What are the two types of declarative learning?
EPISODIC MEMORY - autobiographical
SEMANTIC MEMORY - General facts
What are the three types of non-declarative learning?
PERCEPTUAL LEARNING - recognizing objects and events in the world by sight, sound, taste, etc. (categorization)
MOTOR LEARNING - learning to control the body
ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING - learning the correct response to an object or event
- classical conditioning
- operant (instrumental) conditioning
The ___________ ______ maintains:
A synapse is strengthened if it is repeatedly active when the POST SYNAPTIC neuron fires.
- demonstrates _________ conditioning (e.g., Pavlov)
“neurons that fire together, wired together”
Hebbian rule
classical
_____________ means to strengthen or make more potent
Potentiation
The ____________ system REINFORCES REWARD centers in the brain
Mesolimbic
Expected and unexpected reinforcers effect the activity of the ________ ________ in humans
nucleus accumbens
T/F mandatory transfers of money activate similar “reward related” areas in the VENTRAL STRIATUM consistent with pure altruism
true
__________ conditioning pairs physiological reactions with previously neutral stimuli
Operate
The MORRIS WATER MAZE found:
VARIABLE start positions = _________ tasks
CONSTANT start positions = ________ tasks
Relational task
Stimulus response task
[responds to familiar stimuli]
The MORRIS WATER MAZE found:
A lack of ___________ impairs performance on RELATIONAL tasks
hippocampus
_____________ and _______ ___________ are involved in navigation
Hippocampus and spatial relationships
A profound impairment of memory function as the result of brain injury
(severe impairment of memory)
Amnesia
Difficulty in forming NEW memories beginning with the onset of a disorder is known as…
anterograde amnesia
[ant =before]
Difficulty in RETRIEVING memories formed before the onset of amnesia.
retrograde amnesia
[retro = past]
T/F anterograde amnesia may occur without retrograde amnesia
false
No anterograde amnesia without retrograde amnesia
RETROGRADE AMNESIA AS EVIDENCE FOR A CONSOLIDATION PROCESS:
________ –> ________ –> _________
Sensory information –>
Short term memory –>
Long-term memory
_____________: “online;” process 7-items at a time (+/- 2). AKA _________
Short-term memory
Working memory
_____________: relatively stable memory past events
Long-term memory
T/F the hippocampus stores memories
false
Memories are stored in ASSOCIATION CORTICES
MOTOR LEARNING occurs primarily in the ______ ______ and ________
basal ganglia and cerebellum
A degenerative brain disorder that results in a progressive dementia, loss of memory, confusion, hallucinations, motor deficits and eventual death
Alzheimer’s disease
neuronal degeneration, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles are associated with…
Alzheimer’s disease
A change in synaptic structure (or biochemistry) that ALTERS THE EFFICIENCY of the synapse in a positive or negative way
Synaptic plasticity
Patient H.M.:
Could not recall events AFTER his surgery and was unable to retain new information. This is an example of ___________ _______
Anterograde amnesia
Patient H.M.:
T/F short-term memory differs from long-term memory
true
Patient H.M.:
Memory deficit seemed to be caused by a loss of the _____________
Hippocampus
Patients like H.M. can learn to read MIRROR-REVERSED text, which is a ______ task.
This shows that their problem is NOT in LEARNING VERBAL MATERIAL, but in forming new ________ memories
verbal
declarative
Long-term potentiation, commonly referred to as LTP, is an _________ in synaptic response FOLLOWING POTENTIATING PULSES OF ELECTRICAL STIMULII that sustains at a level _____ the baseline response for hours or longer
increase
above
LTP involves interactions between ____________ neurons and the specific ___________ inputs that form a synaptic association, and is SPECIFIC to the stimulated pathway of synaptic transmission
postsynaptic
presynaptic
Inducing LTP in the hippocampus releases _______
Nitric oxide
A ______ depolarization and an ______ of CALCIUM are necessary to achieve LTP
strong
increase
A patient who, because of damage to MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE structures, was unable to encode NEW DECLARATIVE memories.
patient H.M.
