304 Final Exam - CH13: Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of learning?

A

DECLARATIVE LEARNING - facts and information

NON-DECLARATIVE LEARNING - perceptual and motor procedures

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2
Q

What are the two types of declarative learning?

A

EPISODIC MEMORY - autobiographical

SEMANTIC MEMORY - General facts

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3
Q

What are the three types of non-declarative learning?

A

PERCEPTUAL LEARNING - recognizing objects and events in the world by sight, sound, taste, etc. (categorization)

MOTOR LEARNING - learning to control the body

ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING - learning the correct response to an object or event

  • classical conditioning
  • operant (instrumental) conditioning
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4
Q

The ___________ ______ maintains:
A synapse is strengthened if it is repeatedly active when the POST SYNAPTIC neuron fires.

  • demonstrates _________ conditioning (e.g., Pavlov)

“neurons that fire together, wired together”

A

Hebbian rule

classical

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5
Q

_____________ means to strengthen or make more potent

A

Potentiation

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6
Q

The ____________ system REINFORCES REWARD centers in the brain

A

Mesolimbic

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7
Q

Expected and unexpected reinforcers effect the activity of the ________ ________ in humans

A

nucleus accumbens

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8
Q

T/F mandatory transfers of money activate similar “reward related” areas in the VENTRAL STRIATUM consistent with pure altruism

A

true

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9
Q

__________ conditioning pairs physiological reactions with previously neutral stimuli

A

Operate

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10
Q

The MORRIS WATER MAZE found:
VARIABLE start positions = _________ tasks
CONSTANT start positions = ________ tasks

A

Relational task

Stimulus response task
[responds to familiar stimuli]

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11
Q

The MORRIS WATER MAZE found:

A lack of ___________ impairs performance on RELATIONAL tasks

A

hippocampus

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12
Q

_____________ and _______ ___________ are involved in navigation

A

Hippocampus and spatial relationships

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13
Q

A profound impairment of memory function as the result of brain injury

(severe impairment of memory)

A

Amnesia

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14
Q

Difficulty in forming NEW memories beginning with the onset of a disorder is known as…

A

anterograde amnesia

[ant =before]

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15
Q

Difficulty in RETRIEVING memories formed before the onset of amnesia.

A

retrograde amnesia

[retro = past]

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16
Q

T/F anterograde amnesia may occur without retrograde amnesia

A

false

No anterograde amnesia without retrograde amnesia

17
Q

RETROGRADE AMNESIA AS EVIDENCE FOR A CONSOLIDATION PROCESS:

________ –> ________ –> _________

A

Sensory information –>
Short term memory –>
Long-term memory

18
Q

_____________: “online;” process 7-items at a time (+/- 2). AKA _________

A

Short-term memory

Working memory

19
Q

_____________: relatively stable memory past events

A

Long-term memory

20
Q

T/F the hippocampus stores memories

A

false

Memories are stored in ASSOCIATION CORTICES

21
Q

MOTOR LEARNING occurs primarily in the ______ ______ and ________

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

22
Q

A degenerative brain disorder that results in a progressive dementia, loss of memory, confusion, hallucinations, motor deficits and eventual death

A

Alzheimer’s disease

23
Q

neuronal degeneration, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles are associated with…

A

Alzheimer’s disease

24
Q

A change in synaptic structure (or biochemistry) that ALTERS THE EFFICIENCY of the synapse in a positive or negative way

A

Synaptic plasticity

25
Q

Patient H.M.:
Could not recall events AFTER his surgery and was unable to retain new information. This is an example of ___________ _______

A

Anterograde amnesia

26
Q

Patient H.M.:

T/F short-term memory differs from long-term memory

A

true

27
Q

Patient H.M.:

Memory deficit seemed to be caused by a loss of the _____________

A

Hippocampus

28
Q

Patients like H.M. can learn to read MIRROR-REVERSED text, which is a ______ task.

This shows that their problem is NOT in LEARNING VERBAL MATERIAL, but in forming new ________ memories

A

verbal

declarative

29
Q

Long-term potentiation, commonly referred to as LTP, is an _________ in synaptic response FOLLOWING POTENTIATING PULSES OF ELECTRICAL STIMULII that sustains at a level _____ the baseline response for hours or longer

A

increase

above

30
Q

LTP involves interactions between ____________ neurons and the specific ___________ inputs that form a synaptic association, and is SPECIFIC to the stimulated pathway of synaptic transmission

A

postsynaptic

presynaptic

31
Q

Inducing LTP in the hippocampus releases _______

A

Nitric oxide

32
Q

A ______ depolarization and an ______ of CALCIUM are necessary to achieve LTP

A

strong

increase

33
Q

A patient who, because of damage to MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE structures, was unable to encode NEW DECLARATIVE memories.

A

patient H.M.