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304 Final Exam > 304 Final Exam - CH10: Biological Rhythms and Sleep > Flashcards

304 Final Exam - CH10: Biological Rhythms and Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

a daily, cyclical change in

behavioral and physiological processes

A

circadian rhythm

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2
Q

A stimulus (i.e., the sun) that acts to reset the biological clock

A

zeitgebar

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3
Q

without a zeitgeber, human circadian rhythms have a cycle of approximately ___ hrs. duration

A

25 hours

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4
Q

Alpha brain waves are associated with a _______ ____

Beta brain waves are associated with a _______ ____

A

alpha state

beta state

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5
Q 
Stage 1 sleep: 
Stage 2 sleep: 
Stage 3 sleep: 
Stage 4 sleep: 
REM sleep:
A
  1. transition between sleep and wakefulness
  2. sleep spindles & k-complexes
  3. 20 - 50 % delta
  4. > 50% (deepest sleep)
    REM. beta; no muscle tone; dreams
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6
Q

Purpose of sleep?: Adaptive response theory

A

conserves ENERGY & remain UNDETECTED by predators

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7
Q

Purpose of sleep?: restorative theory

A

allows brain to RESTORE itself

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8
Q

purpose of REM sleep?

A

VIGILANCE

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9
Q

Two theories linking sleep and learning

A

memory consolidation & cleanup; &

Brain development

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10
Q

What is a dream?: Freudian explanation

A

manifesting unconscious thoughts & desires

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11
Q

What is a dream?: Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

Brains attempt to interpret the spontaneous pattern of activation companies REM sleep

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12
Q

Memories of learned facts (names, vocabulary, etc.) are reinforced during _____ sleep

A

… in deep sleep

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13
Q

Pattern recognition (grammar, logic, chess, etc.) reinforced during ________ sleep

A

by REM sleep

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14
Q

Motor skills (musicians, athletes) are reinforced in which sleep phase?

A

by Stage 2 sleep

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15
Q

Lesions of the basal forebrain (AKA, ventrolateral preoptic) area disrupt ____ ____ sleep

electrical stimulation of the VLPA evokes

A

slow wave sleep

slow-wave-sleep

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16
Q

T/F Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA) is another name for the basal forebrain area?

A

true

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17
Q

Electrical stimulation of the VLPA evokes ____ ____ sleep

A

slow wave sleep

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18
Q

mechanism responsible for REM eye movements

A

tectum

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19
Q

involved in dreams

A

LGN

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20
Q

paralysis during REM is caused by which brain region?

A

NMC (nucleus magnocellularis) of Medulla

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21
Q

Partly responsible for the cortical activation seen during REM sleep

A

PGO Waves
 (pons-geniculate-occipital)!

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22
Q

REM-related muscle atonia is produced by …

A

inhibitory neurons in nucleus magnocellularis

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23
Q

lesions of the nucleus magnocellularis results in

A

REM WITHOUT atonia

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24
Q

neurological disorder characterized by an urge to fall asleep at inappropriate times.
(*falling asleep at random time)

A

Narcolepsy

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25
Q

complete loss of muscle tone during the awake state, related to a hyperexcitability of the neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis

*(paralysis upon excitation)

A

Cataplexy

26
Q

Narcolepsy recently found to be related to a deficiency in the neuromodulator ________

A

hypocretin

genetic defect in dogs

27
Q

As stages go down brain wave activity _____________

A

decreases

28
Q

A typical sleep cycle lasts ___ minutes

A

90 minutes

29
Q

REM related muscle atonia is caused by the nucleous manocellularis, which prevents ppl from…

A

acting out their dreams

30
Q
  1. Diurnal = __________________

2. nocturnal = ___________________

A
  1. Active during the day

2. active during the night

31
Q

A sharp, negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep.

A

K complex

32
Q

A characteristic 14- to 18-hertz wave in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep.

A

sleep spindle

33
Q

_ ________ & _______ ________ are involved in stage 2 sleep.

_ ________ is a sharp, negative EEG potential

A

K complex; sleep spindle

K complex

[SHARP sharKs are COMPLEtely NEGATIVE]

34
Q

A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian clock.

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

35
Q

A ventral region in the forebrain that has been INDIRECTLY RELATED to sleep.

A

basal forebrain

[Let’s INDIRECTLY sail (baSAL) FORE the BRAIN!!!]

36
Q

The route by which retinal ganglion cells send their axons to the suprachiasmatic nuclei.

A

retinohypothalamic pathway

37
Q

Also known as non-REM sleep. Sleep, divided into stages 1–3, that is defined by the presence of SLOW-WAVE EEG activity.

A

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

38
Q

A SUDDEN AROUSAL from STAGE 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation.

A

Night Terror

39
Q

A LONG, frightening dream that awakens the sleeper from REM sleep.

A

nightmare

40
Q

Also called reticular activating system. An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the MEDULLA through the THALAMUS that is INVOLVED IN AROUSAL (WAKING)

A

reticular formation

[MEDUSA’S RETICULATED python finds WAKEing up next to MUSkrats very AROUSING]

{medulla, reticular, waking, thalamus, arousal}

41
Q

The recording and study of GROSS electrical activity of the brain via LARGE ELECTRODES placed on the scalp.

A

electroencephalography (EEG)

[eeeeeeEEGades that’s a very GROSS and LARGE ELECTRODE]

42
Q

“neurological disorder characterized by urge to fall asleep at inappropriate times.”

A disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours.

A

narcolepsy

43
Q

” complete loss of muscle tone during the awake state, related to a hyperexcitability of the neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis”

A

Cataplexy

44
Q

__________ recently found to be related to a deficiency in the neuromodulator HYPOCRETIN

A

Narcolepsy

45
Q

Partly responsible for the CORTICAL ACTIVATION seen during REM sleep

A

(pons-geniculate-occipital) PGO Waves

46
Q

An alert, awake human’s EEG is ____________, a mix of _____ frequencies with ____ amplitude.

A

desynchronized;
high frequencies;
low amplitude

47
Q

ALPHA rhythms appear during ________ in stage __ sleep when sharp waves called _______ ______ also appear

A

relaxation
stage 2
vertex spikes

48
Q

Stage 2 SWS involves periodic waves/bursts that are defined by ______ _____ and _ ________.

A

sleep spindles
k complexes

sleep spindles

49
Q

Stage 3 SWS (early) is characterized by _____ amplitude, and _____ ______ waves.

How often do Delta waves occur?

A 
large amplitude, 
slow delta waves
delta waves (occur once every second)
50
Q

Stage 3 SWS (late) is predominantly _____ waves

A

delta

51
Q

EEG shows brain activity in ____ sleep to resemble being AWAKE

A

REM

52
Q

non-REM dreams are related with “_________” dreams

A

thinking

e.g., thinking about a problem

53
Q

REM dreams = ________ ________ dreams

A

Visual imagery

i.e., sights, sounds & perceptions

54
Q

How do anit-depressants and BP medication effect sleep?

A

more frequent nightmares

55
Q 
Alpha = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ state
Beta = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ state
Theta = transition between \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Delta = the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ state of sleep
A

relaxed
aroused
sleep and wakefulness
deepest

56
Q

Switches between sleep states in narcolepsy and controls appetite

Also called orexin. A neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite.

A

hypocretin

57
Q

somnambulism is also known as ….

A

Sleepwalking.

58
Q

______ _______ is a sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the patient. Excessive daytime sleepiness results from the frequent nocturnal awakening.

[“Tim has ______ ________”]

A

sleep apnea

59
Q

___ _______ ________ is a sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream.

A

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

60
Q

sleep-maintenance insomnia is ….

A

Difficulty in STAYING asleep.

61
Q

sleep-onset insomnia

A

Difficulty in FALLING asleep.

304 Final Exam (3 decks)

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