304 Final Exam - CH10: Biological Rhythms and Sleep Flashcards
a daily, cyclical change in
behavioral and physiological processes
circadian rhythm
A stimulus (i.e., the sun) that acts to reset the biological clock
zeitgebar
without a zeitgeber, human circadian rhythms have a cycle of approximately ___ hrs. duration
25 hours
Alpha brain waves are associated with a _______ ____
Beta brain waves are associated with a _______ ____
alpha state
beta state
Stage 1 sleep: Stage 2 sleep: Stage 3 sleep: Stage 4 sleep: REM sleep:
- transition between sleep and wakefulness
- sleep spindles & k-complexes
- 20 - 50 % delta
- > 50% (deepest sleep)
REM. beta; no muscle tone; dreams
Purpose of sleep?: Adaptive response theory
conserves ENERGY & remain UNDETECTED by predators
Purpose of sleep?: restorative theory
allows brain to RESTORE itself
purpose of REM sleep?
VIGILANCE
Two theories linking sleep and learning
memory consolidation & cleanup; &
Brain development
What is a dream?: Freudian explanation
manifesting unconscious thoughts & desires
What is a dream?: Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Brains attempt to interpret the spontaneous pattern of activation companies REM sleep
Memories of learned facts (names, vocabulary, etc.) are reinforced during _____ sleep
… in deep sleep
Pattern recognition (grammar, logic, chess, etc.) reinforced during ________ sleep
by REM sleep
Motor skills (musicians, athletes) are reinforced in which sleep phase?
by Stage 2 sleep
Lesions of the basal forebrain (AKA, ventrolateral preoptic) area disrupt ____ ____ sleep
electrical stimulation of the VLPA evokes
slow wave sleep
slow-wave-sleep
T/F Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA) is another name for the basal forebrain area?
true
Electrical stimulation of the VLPA evokes ____ ____ sleep
slow wave sleep
mechanism responsible for REM eye movements
tectum
involved in dreams
LGN
paralysis during REM is caused by which brain region?
NMC (nucleus magnocellularis) of Medulla
Partly responsible for the cortical activation seen during REM sleep
PGO Waves (pons-geniculate-occipital)!
REM-related muscle atonia is produced by …
inhibitory neurons in nucleus magnocellularis
lesions of the nucleus magnocellularis results in
REM WITHOUT atonia
neurological disorder characterized by an urge to fall asleep at inappropriate times.
(*falling asleep at random time)
Narcolepsy
complete loss of muscle tone during the awake state, related to a hyperexcitability of the neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis
*(paralysis upon excitation)
Cataplexy
Narcolepsy recently found to be related to a deficiency in the neuromodulator ________
hypocretin
genetic defect in dogs
As stages go down brain wave activity _____________
decreases
A typical sleep cycle lasts ___ minutes
90 minutes
REM related muscle atonia is caused by the nucleous manocellularis, which prevents ppl from…
acting out their dreams
- Diurnal = __________________
2. nocturnal = ___________________
- Active during the day
2. active during the night
A sharp, negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep.
K complex
A characteristic 14- to 18-hertz wave in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep.
sleep spindle
_ ________ & _______ ________ are involved in stage 2 sleep.
_ ________ is a sharp, negative EEG potential
K complex; sleep spindle
K complex
[SHARP sharKs are COMPLEtely NEGATIVE]
A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian clock.
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
A ventral region in the forebrain that has been INDIRECTLY RELATED to sleep.
basal forebrain
[Let’s INDIRECTLY sail (baSAL) FORE the BRAIN!!!]
The route by which retinal ganglion cells send their axons to the suprachiasmatic nuclei.
retinohypothalamic pathway
Also known as non-REM sleep. Sleep, divided into stages 1–3, that is defined by the presence of SLOW-WAVE EEG activity.
slow-wave sleep (SWS)
A SUDDEN AROUSAL from STAGE 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation.
Night Terror
A LONG, frightening dream that awakens the sleeper from REM sleep.
nightmare
Also called reticular activating system. An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the MEDULLA through the THALAMUS that is INVOLVED IN AROUSAL (WAKING)
reticular formation
[MEDUSA’S RETICULATED python finds WAKEing up next to MUSkrats very AROUSING]
{medulla, reticular, waking, thalamus, arousal}
The recording and study of GROSS electrical activity of the brain via LARGE ELECTRODES placed on the scalp.
electroencephalography (EEG)
[eeeeeeEEGades that’s a very GROSS and LARGE ELECTRODE]
“neurological disorder characterized by urge to fall asleep at inappropriate times.”
A disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours.
narcolepsy
” complete loss of muscle tone during the awake state, related to a hyperexcitability of the neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis”
Cataplexy
__________ recently found to be related to a deficiency in the neuromodulator HYPOCRETIN
Narcolepsy
Partly responsible for the CORTICAL ACTIVATION seen during REM sleep
(pons-geniculate-occipital) PGO Waves
An alert, awake human’s EEG is ____________, a mix of _____ frequencies with ____ amplitude.
desynchronized;
high frequencies;
low amplitude
ALPHA rhythms appear during ________ in stage __ sleep when sharp waves called _______ ______ also appear
relaxation
stage 2
vertex spikes
Stage 2 SWS involves periodic waves/bursts that are defined by ______ _____ and _ ________.
sleep spindles
k complexes
sleep spindles
Stage 3 SWS (early) is characterized by _____ amplitude, and _____ ______ waves.
How often do Delta waves occur?
large amplitude, slow delta waves delta waves (occur once every second)
Stage 3 SWS (late) is predominantly _____ waves
delta
EEG shows brain activity in ____ sleep to resemble being AWAKE
REM
non-REM dreams are related with “_________” dreams
thinking
e.g., thinking about a problem
REM dreams = ________ ________ dreams
Visual imagery
i.e., sights, sounds & perceptions
How do anit-depressants and BP medication effect sleep?
more frequent nightmares
Alpha = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ state Beta = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ state Theta = transition between \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Delta = the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ state of sleep
relaxed
aroused
sleep and wakefulness
deepest
Switches between sleep states in narcolepsy and controls appetite
Also called orexin. A neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite.
hypocretin
somnambulism is also known as ….
Sleepwalking.
______ _______ is a sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the patient. Excessive daytime sleepiness results from the frequent nocturnal awakening.
[“Tim has ______ ________”]
sleep apnea
___ _______ ________ is a sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream.
REM behavior disorder (RBD)
sleep-maintenance insomnia is ….
Difficulty in STAYING asleep.
sleep-onset insomnia
Difficulty in FALLING asleep.
