30 marker crime, deviance, social order and social control. Flashcards
Sit crime prev - Clarke - a pre-emptive approach that aims to reduce opp for crime in 3 ways..
Crime prevention measures are directed at specific
crimes, e.g. car theft.
Measures involve altering the environment in which this
type of crime happens.
Measures aim to increase the risks of committing crime.
there are two types of situational crime prevention:
1 Target hardening - e.g locking doors and windows
2 Surveillance- CCTV,security guards in shops
This crime prev method is based on the rational choice theory of crime - that criminals weigh up the risks and benefits committing a crime by increasing the risks they are more likely to be put off committing the crime.
STC -Felson case study
Port Authority Bus Terminal in NYC - it used to be poorly designed and provided opportunities for crime,e.g drug dealing. The bus terminal was re-designed to discourage crime.
EVal of SCM
situational crime prevention measures doesn’t prevent crime, they displace it. Displacement takes several forms such as spatial, temporal -to another time.
Environmental crime prevention
Wilson and Kellings - these crime prevention measures are based on the ‘Broken Window’ article whereby a single broken window in a neighbourhood will lead to disorder as such neighbourhoods lack informal and formal control
the crime prevention methods here are twofold:
AN environmental improvement strategy of mending anything that is broken immediately
The zero tolerance policy on behalf of the police to tackle every single, even minor, signs of disorder
ECP case study
a case study for this is the implementation of zero policies in NY where any subway carriage that had graffiti on it was taken out of service immediately.
Social crime prevention
these crime prevention measures aim to remove the conditions that predispose individuals to crime. They are long term strategies as they aim to remove the root cause of crime. Hence includes policies to promote employment as it tackles the underlying causes of crime such as poverty.
SCR case study
Perry pre-school programme in the USA. An experimental group of 3-4 year olds was offered a year enrichment programme. A longitudinal study followed their progress and by the time they were 40 they had significantly fewer arrests, more had grad from hs and were employed than the control group that did not receive the enrichment programme.
Surveillance
refers to the monitoring of public’s behaviour for the purpose of controlling and preventing crime
Surveillance - Foucault, explain the two types of punishment
Sovereign power - typical before the 19th century , the monarch had power over people’s bodies so inflicting punishment on the body was a sign of control
Disciplinary power - seeks to govern the body and mind through surveillance. It turns surveillance into self-surveillance and discipline into self-discipline. Disciplinary power has pervaded every aspect of society. It aims to rehabilitate the offender through intensive monitoring
Surveillance Foucault -Panopticon
prison system designed by Bentham it is used by Foucault to illustrate disciplinarian power. The prison is designed to have the prison guards in the centre and they could see any cell at any time, but the prisoners can’t see the guards. The few can see the many. Therefore the prisoners do not know when they are being watched, but they do know that they might be being watched. Aar, they have to behave at all times. Thus, surveillance turns into self-surveillance and discipline turns into self-discipline and control takes place inside the prisoner.
Disciplinarian power has become dispersed throughout society, through every institution , to every individual and the PP prison is a model of how power operates in society as a whole. There is also the electronic Panopticon whereby modern technology is used to
monitor us, e.g. CCTV.
Therefore, as surveillance becomes self-surveillance, it rehabilitates offenders thus
reducing/preventing future crimes.
criticism of Foucault
CCTV is a form of surveillance, but after a while people get
used to it and their behaviour reverts to normal. It can also be
accused of displacing crime and being an electronic form of the
male gaze.
Synoptic surveillance
Mathiesen adds to the criticism of Foucault by arguing that his ideas don’t fully apply to today’s society bc of tech developments Today the media enable the few to see the many thus surveillance from below takes place. He calls this Synopticon where everyone watches everyone For example, cyclists monitoring members of the public through helmet cameras in case of an accident. This makes other road users exercise discipline. Members of the public can also control the controllers e.g by filming wrongdoing . Mann et al calls this sousveillance
evaluation of synoptic surveillance
cannot always reverse established hierarchies
actuarial justice and risk management
Feeley and Simon argue that a new tech of power is emerging in the CJS it focuses on groups , not individuals
it is interested in rehabilitating them and uses calc of risk called actuarial analysis which calc the risk of an event happening. F&S argue this is being used in surveillance and control.E.g airport security checks are carried out on known offender risk factors so those who match the factors are more closely stopped, searched, q etc
Therefore, today, the purpose of surveillance is not to rehabilitate offenders, but
rather it is to predict and prevent future offending.
actuarial justice and risk management 2
Lyon argues the purpose of this social sorting is to
categorise people so they can be treated differently
according to the level of risk they pose.
G. Marx argues this places entire groups of people
under categorical suspicion – they are suspected of
wrongdoing simply because they belong to a
particular group, e.g. all Muslims being suspected of
terrorism simply because they are Muslim or black
boys being suspected of carrying knives simply
because they are black boys.
